24 Hours Urine Total Protein

The 24 hours Urine Total protein urine test measures the amount of protein in a sample of urine collected over 24 hours. Proteins are substances that are essential for the body to function properly and is normally found in the blood. Increase amounts of protein in urine may indicate kidney disease.

Source: medlineplus.gov

2 Hours Post - Prandial Blood Sugar

This test measures blood glucose exactly 2 hours after a meal. It is extensively used to establish the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. It aids along with FBS to follow up patients with impaired glucose tolerance.

Source: Glucose assay package insert

24 Hour Urine Amylase

The Amylase urine test measures the amount of amylase in a sample of urine collected over 24 hours (24-hour urine test test). Amylase is produced in the pancreas and parotid glands. Elevated result may aid in the diagnosis of pancreatitis and other pancreatic disorders.

Source: Amylase assay package insert

24 Hour Urine Calcium

"This test measures urinary calcium which reflects dietary intake and rate of calcium absorption collected for 24 hours. It is used to evaluate endocrine function, calcium metabolism and excretion, and acid–base balance. To guide therapy in patients with renal failure, renal transplant, endocrine disorders, malignancies, cardiac disease, and skeletal disorders. And to monitor treatment in calcium deficiency."

Source: Brunner and Suddarth's Handbook of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests

24 Hour Urine Chloride

This test reevaluates renal conservation of electrolytes from a 24 hour urine collection. Its purpose is to help evaluate fluid and electrolyte imbalance, and renal and adrenal disorders.

Source: Brunner and Suddarth's Handbook of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests

24 Hour Urine Creatinine

This test is used to help assess the glomerular filtration function of the kidneys and to check the accuracy of 24-hour urine collection, based on the relatively constant levels of creatinine excretion.

Source: Brunner and Suddarth's Handbook of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests

24 Hour Urine Magnesium

Renal urine magnesium testing is used in assessing the cause of abnormal serum magnesium concentration. It is also aids in determining whether nutritional magnesium. It may also help on assessing risk to kidney stones.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

24 Hour Urine Phosphorus

The phosphorous urine test is useful in evaluation increased and decreased levels of phosphatemic states. It also used in the monitroing of patient with nephrolithiasis.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

24 Hour Urine Potassium

The kidneys provide the most important regulation of K+. Urine Potassium determination is useful in identification of cause for hyperkalemia or hypokalemia.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

24 Hour Urine Sodium

The kidney is central to the regulation and conservation of electrolytes in the body. Urinary sodium (Na+) excretion varies with dietary intake, and there is a large diurnal variation with the rate of Na+ excretion during the night being only 20% of the peak rate during the day. Urine sodium testing is used on the evaluation of acid-base abnormalities, water balance, water intoxication, and dehydration.

Source: Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Techniques, and Correlations by Bishop, Fody, and Schoeff

24 Hour Urine Urea Nitrogen

The urea nitrogen urine test measures the amount of urea nitrogen in a sample of urine collected over 24 hours (24-hour urine test test). Measurements obtained by this test are used in the diagnosis of renal and metabolic disease.

Source: Urea assay package insert

24 Hour Urine Uric Acid

This test is used in the assessment and management of patients with uric acid kidney stones.

Source: mauocliniclabs.com

5 HIAA Serotonin Quantity

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is an end-product of the trytophan metabolism and It is excreted in urine. It is formed as a result of deamination from serotonin. Serotonin, a powerful smooth muscle stimulant, is produced in large amounts by carcinoid tumors.

Source: Package Insert

Acid Fast Bacilli Concentration

Acid fast stains are used to differentiate acid fast organisms such as mycobacteria. Detection of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in stained and acid-washed smears examined microscopically may provide the initial bacteriologic evidence of the presence of mycobacteria in a clinical specimen. This test uses Kinyoun method of staining.

Source: Microbiology and Molecular Diagnosis in Pathology, 2017; Bailey and Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology

Acid Fast Bacilli Smear/Direct

Acid fast stains are used to differentiate acid fast organisms such mycobacteria. Acid fast bacteria will be red, while nonacid fast bacteria will stain blue/green with the counterstain with the Kinyoun stain. Ziehl Nielson can also be used to stain mycobacteria but uses heat while the Kinyoun method does not. Procedure used technique that directly inoculated sample to slide with a specific smearing pattern and criterias.

Source: Microbiology and Molecular Diagnosis in Pathology, 2017; Bailey and Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology

Alanine Aminotransferase

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism. It is found in many tissues, but the highest levels are found in the liver and kidney. ALT is used in the diagnosis and monitoring of liver disease associated with hepatic necrosis.

Source: Alanine Aminotransferase assay package insert

Albumin

Albumin is the most abundant protein in human serum. Elevated levels are usually the result of dehydration whereas decresed levles are found in variety of conditons including kidney disease, liver disease malabsorption, malnutrition, severe burns, infections and cancer.

Source: Albumin assay package insert

Albumin - Other Body Fluids

The Albumin-OBF test assist in identifying the cause of ascites. It aids in differentiating exudative and transudative pleural effusions.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Alkaline Phosphatase

The Alkaline Phosphatase assay is used for the quantitation of alkaline phosphatase in human serum. Hepatobiliary and bone diseases are the most common pathological inidcators of increased Alkaline Phosphatase.

Source: Alkaline Phosphatase assay package insert

Alkaline Phosphatase Heat Fractionation

The Alkaline Phosphatase assay is used for the quantitation of alkaline phosphatase in human serum. Alkaline Phosphatase and Isoenzymes assist in the diagnosis of liver cancer and cirrhosis, or bone cancer and bone fracture.

Source: AFP assay package insert

Allergen IgE - Dermatophagoides farinae

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus / House Dust

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Almond

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Beef

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Bermuda Grass

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Cheddar Cheese

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: Thermo Fisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Chicken

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: Thermo Fisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Cockroach

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Dog Dander

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Egg White

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Egg Yolk

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Fish Cod

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - General food mix ( Egg White, Milk Fish, Wheat, Peanut, Soya)

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Milk

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Mold mix

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Orange

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Peanut

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Phadiatop (Molds, House dust mites, Cat epithelium, Bermuda grass, Pigweed)

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Pork

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Salmon

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Shrimps

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Soya Beans

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Squid

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Tuna

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Allergen IgE - Wheat

Specific IgE provides an objective measurement of the circulating IgE antibodies and the sensitization to a specific allergen. Specific IgE antibodies appear as a result of exposure and following sensitization to an allergen.

Source: ThermoFisher Scientific Product Catalogue 2020

Alpha Feto Protein

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a human tumor-associated protien. It has been shown that elevated values found in healthy individuals occurs in several malignant diseases, most notably nonseminomatous testicular cancer and primary hepatocellular cacinoma.

Source: AFP assay package insert

Alpha Globin Genotyping

This assay is used for the identification of α-globin gene mutations; reduced or absent α-globin synthesis, mainly caused by deletions of one or both α-globin genes (α1,α2) and less frequently by point mutations, leads to α-thalassemia.

Source: www.viennalab.com/products/genetic-disorders/thalassemia

Amylase

Amylase is produced in the pancreas and parotid glands, normal individual have low but measurable serum amylase. Elevated result may be diagnosed for pancreatitis and other pancreatic disorders.

Source: Amylase assay package insert

Amylase - Other Body Fluids

The Amylase-OBF assay is used for the quantification of amylase in body fluid specimens. Body fluid amylase activity may become elevated due to the presence of pancreatitis, esophageal rupture, or amylase producing neoplasms.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

ANA Profile (Lupus Panel)

This package test aids in the detection and diagnosis of certain autoimmune diseases such as lupus and Sjogren syndrome. ANA Profile includes Anti Nuclear Antibody (ANA) and double stranded DNA (dsDNA) test using indirect immunofluorescence method. Anti Smith, Anti RNP-70, Anti Jo-1, Anti SSA and Anti SSB are tested by using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).

Source: Package inserts

Anti Cardiolipin IgG

This assay contributes to the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The quantitative determination of anti-cardiolipin IgG is very useful for monitoring SLE patients with secondary APS.

Source: Anti Cardiolipin IgG package insert

Anti Cardiolipin IgM

This assay contributes to the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The quantitative determination of anti-cardiolipin IgM is very useful for monitoring SLE patients with secondary APS.

Source: Anti Cardiolipin IgM Package Insert

Anti - Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide

Citrulline is a non-standard amino acid, as it is not incorporated into proteins synthesis. Cyclic citrullinated peptide were equally specific for RA, but with a higher sensitivity with linear peptides. Detection of anti-CCP antibodies is used as an aid in the diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA).

Source: Anti-CCP assay package insert

Anti Double Stranded DNA

Anti-double stranded DNA antibody (anti-dsDNA) is one of a group of autoantibodies called antinuclear antibodies (ANA). Normally, antibodies protect against infection, but autoantibodies are produced when a person's immune system fails to adequately distinguish between "self" and "non-self." They mistakenly attack the body's own healthy cells, causing tissue and organ damage.

Source: IIFT: Crithidia luciliae sensitive (anti-dsDNA) package insert

Anti Hepatitis A Virus Immunoglobulin G

Anti-HAV IgG implies past infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) or vaccination against HAV.

Source: Anti-HAV IgG assay package insert

Anti Hepatitis A Virus Immunoglobulin M

Hepatitis A is a self-limiting disease and is often a subclinical disorder. During the acute phase of HAV infection, IgM anti-HAV appears in the pateint's serum and is nearly always detectable at the onset of symptoms. In most cases, IgM anti-HAV response usually peaks within the first month of illness and can persist for up to six months.

Source: Anti-HAV IgM assay package insert

Anti Hepatitis B Core Immunoglobulin M

Viral specific IgM antibody has been detected in most acute viral infections and is a reliable marker of acute disease. The concentrations of anti-HBc IgM rise rapidly in patients with acute infection; high levels of anti-HBc IgM have been detected in patients with acute hepatitis B viral infection.

Source: Anti-HBc IgM assay package insert

Anti Hepatitis B Envelope

Anti-HBe is found in association with hepatitis B viral infection. Seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe during acute hepatitis B infection is usually indicative of resolution of infection and a reduced level of infectivity.

Source: Anti-HBe assay package insert

Anti Hepatitis B Surface

Anti-HBs are often used to monitor the success of Hepatitis B vaccination. The presence of anti-HBs has been shown to be important in protection against Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Anti-HBs are also used to monitor the convalescence and recovery of Hepatitis B infected individuals.

Source: Anti-HBs assay package insert

Anti Hepatitis C Virus

The presence of Anti-HCV indicates that an individual may have been infected with HCV, may harbor infecious HCV, and/or may be capable of transmitting infection. HCV infection may develop into chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and/or increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Source: Anti-HCV assay package insert

Anti Jo 1

The test is used as an aid in the differential diagnosis of autoimmune connective tissue diseases, especially polymyositis and dermatomyositis. In myositis patients, autoantibodies against the Jo-1 antigen may indicate anti-synthetase syndrome.

Source: Anti Jo 1 Package Insert

Anti Mitochondrial Antibody

Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) are autoantibodies that are strongly associated with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), formerly called primary biliary cirrhosis. This test detects AMA in the blood qualitatively.  

Source: IIFT Mosaic Basic Profile 1 Package Insert

Anti Mitochondrial Antibody Quantitative

Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) are autoantibodies that are strongly associated with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), formerly called primary biliary cirrhosis. This test detects and measures the amount (titer) of AMA in the blood.  

Source: IIFT Mosaic Basic Profile 1 Package Insert

Anti Nuclear Antibody

The presence of ANA may be a marker of an autoimmune process and is associated with several autoimmune disorders but is most commonly seen with the autoimmune disorder systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). 

Source: IIFT Mosaic: Hep2/Liver (Monkey) Package Insert

Anti Ribonucleoproteins

RNP-70, the 70 kDa protein of the U1-snRNP complex, is one of the extractable nuclear antigens (ENA). It is useful for the diagnosis of mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD, Sharp syndrome) and related autoimmune diseases. 

Source: Anti-RNP 70 Package Insert

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG

SARS‑CoV‑2 IgG assay is designed to detect immunoglobulin class G antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein of SARS‑CoV‑2 in serum and plasma from patients who are suspected/infected by coronovirus disease. This assay is used as an aid in the diagnosis of SARS‑CoV‑2 infection.

Source: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay package insert

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total

SARS‑CoV‑2 is the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19). This assay is intended as an aid in the determination of the immune reaction and detects antibody titers to SARS‑CoV‑2.

Source: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 package insert

Anti - Scl 70

Anti-Scl-70 is an ELISA-based, automated, in-vitro test system for the quantitative determination of IgG antibodies against Scl-70 (DNA topoisomerase I) in human serum. This test is also useful in the differential diagnosis of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Autoantibodies against topoisomerase I are also a prognostic marker for the further development of systemic sclerosis.

Source: Anti-Scl 70 Package Insert

Anti Sjogren's Syndrome A

Anti-SS-A is an ELISA-based, automated, in-vitro, test system for the quantitative determination of IgG antibodies against SS-A 60 and SS-A 52 in human serum. Autoantibodies against the two antigens SS-A 52 and SS-A 60 are predominantly found in cases of collagenosis, particularly Sjögren’s syndrome, and various forms of lupus erythematosus.

Source: Anti SS-A Package Insert

Anti Sjogren's Syndrome B

Anti-SS-B is an ELISA-based test system for the quantitative measurement of IgG class autoantibodies against SS-B in human serum. Antibodies against SS-B are used for the differential diagnosis of systemic inflammatory autoimmune diseases.

Source: Anti-SS-B Package Insert

Anti Smith

The detection of autoantibodies against Sm proteins is one of the ACR criteria for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Anti Smith antibodies serves as a prognostic marker for SLE.

Source: Anti Smith Package Insert

Anti Smooth Muscle Antibody

Smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) are autoantibodies, proteins produced by the body's immune system that recognize and attack its own actin, a protein found in smooth muscle and other tissues, especially the liver. This test detects and measures SMA (or antibody against actin) in the blood qualitatively.

Source: IIFT Mosaic Basic Profile 1 Package Insert

Anti Smooth Muscle Antibody Quantitative

Smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) are autoantibodies, proteins produced by the body's immune system that recognize and attack its own actin, a protein found in smooth muscle and other tissues, especially the liver. This test detects and measures the amount (titer) of SMA (or antibody against actin) in the blood. 

Source: IIFT Mosaic Basic Profile 1 Package Insert

Anti - Streptolysin O

The group A β-hemolytic streptococci produce various toxins that can act as antigens. One of these exotoxins is streptolysin-O. The affected organism produces specific antibodies against the exotoxins, among which concentration of antistreptolysin-O in the patient's serum will enable to establish the degree of infection due to the β-hemolytic streptococcus.

Source: ASO assay package insert

Anti Thrombin III

Antithrombin III is the plasmatic inhibitor of thrombin and activated factor X and forms an irreversible inactive complex with these enzymes. This test aids in the quick determination of physiologically active AT III and allows the diagnosis of inherited and acquired antithrombin III deficiency, which represents an increased risk of thrombosis.

Source: Anti Thrombin III Package insert

Anti - Thyroglobulin

Thyroglobulin is a glycoprotein which is comprised of two identical subunits and represents the major protein found in thyroid. Anti-Tg are associated with cases of mild hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, and are frequently found in patients with other autoimmune diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis, Pernicious Anemia and Type I Diabetes.

Source: Anti-Tg assay package insert

Anti - Thyroid Peroxidase

TPO is a glycoprotein enzyme, in vivo function is the iodination of tyrosine in the synthesis of T3 and T4. Autoantibodies to TPO are potentially deleterious, and may have a pathogenic role in autoimmune thyroid disease. Anti-TPO antibodies are found often in conjunction with anti-Tg in the majority of cases of Hashimoto's tyroiditis, Primary Myxedema, and Grave's disease.

Source: Anti-TPO assay package insert

APTS Test (Fetal Hemoglobin)

Grossly bloody stool and vomitus are sometimes seen in neonates as the result of swallowing maternal blood during delivery. The APT test helps to distinguish between the presence of fetal blood or maternal blood in an infant’s stool.

Source: Urinalysis and Body Fluids 5th Edition by Susan King Strasinger & Marjorie Schaub Di Lorenzo

Aspartate Aminotransferase

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) is one of a group of enzymes which catalyzes the interconversion of amino acids and alpha-keto acids. AST is mostly used in the evaluation of liver disease. Both AST and ALT are normally found in most body fluids, but not in urine except in instances of kidney lesions.

Source: Aspartate Aminotransferase assay package insert

Bacterial Challenge

Bacteria challenge tests is performed to demonstrate that the product used on surfaces in manufacturing areas, hands, household, hospitality and commercial establishments, and other facilities are effective in the inactivation or removal of bacterial microorganisms.

Source: https://www.microbiologics.com; US Pharmacopeia. 2010. <1072>, Disinfectants and Antiseptics, Reissue USP33-NF28.

Bacterial Meningitis Antigen

This assay is an agglutination test intended for the rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis by the qualitative detection of soluble antigens to Neisseria meningitidis groups A, B/E. coli K1, C, Y/W 135, Haemophilus influenza type b, Streptococcus pneumonia and group B Streptococcus, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Source: Bacterial Meningitis Antigen Test Package Insert

BCR - ABL

BCR-ABL (QRT-PCR) is an automated test for quantifying the amount of BCR-ABL transcript as a ratio of BCRABL/ABL. The test utilizes automated, quantitative, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

Source: BCR-ABL Product Insert

Beta 2 - Microglobulin

β2-microglobulin is found on the surface of nearly all nucleated cells, where it constitutes the light chain of class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA). Serum levels of β2M are frequently elevated in patients with a variety of lymphoproliferative and inflammatory disorders reflecting an augmentationof synthesis.

Source: Beta 2-Microglobulin assay package insert

Beta Crosslaps

This test is used for the in vitro quantitative determination of degradation products of type I collagen in human serum and plasma as an aid in assessing bone resorption. It aids in the monitoring of antiresorptive therapies in osteoporotic patients

Source: Beta Crosslaps package insert

Beta Globin Genotyping

This assay is used for the identification of numerous defects in the β-globin gene, many of which cause structural abnormalities, such as HbS (sickle cell hemoglobin), HbC, HbE, or lead to impaired β-globin synthesis, known as β-thalassemia.

Source: www.viennalab.com/products/genetic-disorders/thalassemia

Bilirubin Profile

This package includes the following tests: Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin, Indirect Bilirubin

Source: Package insert

Bleeding Time Macro

Bleeding time is a medical test that measures how fast small blood vessels in the skin stop bleeding. The duration of the bleeding from a standard puncture wound of the skin is a measure of the function of the platelets as well as the integrity of the vessel wall.

Source: Rodak’s Hematology- Clinical Principles, and Applications by E.M. Keohane, C.N. Otto, and J.M. Walenga

Bleeding Time Micro

Bleeding time is a medical test that measures how fast small blood vessels in the skin stop bleeding. The duration of the bleeding from a standard puncture wound of the skin is a measure of the function of the platelets as well as the integrity of the vessel wall.

Source: Rodak’s Hematology- Clinical Principles, and Applications by E.M. Keohane, C.N. Otto, and J.M. Walenga

Blood Alcohol Level

Determination of ethyl alcohol concentration is commonly used for measuring legal impairment, investigating forensic evidence, diagnosing and/or treating alcohol dependency, as well as detecting alcohol poisoning. Alcohol intoxication can lead to birth defects, loss of alertness, stupor, coma and death.

Source: Ethanol assay package insert

Blood Ammonia

Ammonia is derived from the catabolism of amino acids and from the action of intestinal bacteria on dietary protein, and is converted to urea in the liver hepatocytes and so rendered non-toxic. Elevated ammonia can have a toxic effect on the central nervous system, it may also be observed in severe liver failure, viral hepatitis or cirrhosis and it may occur with genetic defects of urea cycle and some other hereditary disorders.

Source: Ammonia assay package insert

Blood Culture and Sensitivity Aerobic and Anaerobic

A blood culture is a laboratory test in which blood, taken from the patient, is inoculated into bottles containing culture media to determine whether infection-causing microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) are present in the patient’s bloodstream. Blood culture is the most widely used diagnostic tool for the detection of bacteremia and fungemia. It is the most important way to diagnose the etiology of bloodstream infections and sepsis and has major implications for the treatment of those patients.

Source: Adapted from ESCMID (European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases) guidelines, 2012.7

Blood Culture and Sensitivity Pediatric

A blood culture is a laboratory test in which blood, taken from the pediatric patient, is inoculated into bottles containing culture media to determine whether infection-causing microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) are present in the patient’s bloodstream. Blood culture is the most widely used diagnostic tool for the detection of bacteremia and fungemia. It is the most important way to diagnose the etiology of bloodstream infections and sepsis and has major implications for the treatment of those pediatric patients.

Source: Adapted from ESCMID (European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases) guidelines, 2012.7

Blood Urea Nitrogen

Measurements obtained by this test are used in the diagnosis of a certain renal and metabolic diseases. The determination of serum urea nitrogen is a widely used test for the evaluation of kidney function.

Source: Urea assay package insert

Blood Urea Nitrogen

This test is for the quantitative determination of urea in blood from protein breakdown that provides information for metabolic status, for the evaluation of renal function and determination of end-stage renal failure and urea concentration in dialysis patients.

Source: Reflotron Urea package insert

Brain Natriuretic Peptide

BNP is synthesized and released into the blood in response to volume overload or conditions that cause ventricular stretch. BNP plasma levels aids in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure.

Source: BNP assay package insert

C Peptide

Connecting peptide (C-peptide) is a biologically inactive chain formed during the proteolytic conversion of proinsulin to insulin in the pancreatic beta cells. It is used as an aid in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with abnormal insulin secretion including diabetes mellitus.

Source: C-Peptide assay package insert

C3 Beta Complement

C3 Beta Complement is an acute phase reactant present in classical and alternate pathways producing tissue damage and inflammation. Elevated levels of C3 are associated with rheumatic disease, viral hepatitis, myocardial infarction, cancer, diabetes, pregnancy, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, thyroiditis, inflammatory bowel disease, and pneumococcal pneumonia. Low levels of of C3 occur in individuals with congenital deficiency or immunologic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Source: C3 Beta Complement assay package insert

C4 Beta Complement

C4 Beta Complement is an acute phase reactant and rise rapidly during inflammatory episodes. Increased C4 levels are associated with acute phase reactions and certain malignancies. Decreased levels are observed in Immune complex diseases, Hypergammaglobulinemic states, active SLE, and Hereditary angioedema.

Source: C4 Beta Complement assay package insert

CA 72-4

The tumor associated glycoprotein (TAG) 72, also known as CA 72-4 is a mucin protein of high molecular weight and found on the surface of many cancer cells, including stomach, ovary, breast, colon and pancreatic cells. Elevated serum levels are primarily found in gastric cancer patients, but can also be found in certain malignant diseases like pneumonia, pancreatitis, liver cirrhosis and ovarian cysts.

Source: Roche Elecsys CA 72-4 package insert

Calcium

Viral specific IgM antibody has been detected in most acute viral infections and is a reliable marker of acute disease. The concentrations of anti-HBc IgM rise rapidly in patients with acute infection; high levels of anti-HBc IgM have been detected in pat

Source: Linne & Ringsrud's Clinical Laboratory Science 6th Edition

Cancer Antigen 125

Measurement of Cancer Antigen 125 (CA 125) is useful for monitoring response to therapy with patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Persistently rising CA 125 values may be associated with malignant disease and poor response to therapy. Decreasing values may indicate a favorable response to therapy.

Source: CA 125 assay package insert

Cancer Antigen 15-3

Cancer Antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) is used as an aid in the management of Stage II and III breast cancer patients. Increasing and decreasing values of CA 15-3 correlates with disease progression and regression, respectively. Elevated values can also be seen in individuals with nonmalignant conditions such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, autoimmuno disorders, and benign disease of the ovary and breast.

Source: CA 15-3 assay package insert

Cancer Antigen 19-9

Cancer Antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) measurement is used as an aid in the management of pancreatic cancer patients. High CA 19-9 values have been observed in various gastrointestinal conditions, metastases, and cystic fibrosis.

Source: CA 19-9 assay package insert

Carbamazepine

Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant drug. It is used in the treatment of both generalized tonic-clonic and simple and complex partial seizures because of its inhibition of repetitive firing on neurons. Measurements obtained are used in monitoring to help ensure appropriate therapy.

Source: Carbamazepine assay package insert

Carbon Dioxide

Measurement of serum carbon dioxide total ( CO2 ) is necessary for the evaluation of acid-base status. High CO2 content may be observed in compensated respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis. Low CO2 content may be observed in compensated respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis.

Source:

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

Measurement of Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) is useful in the prognosis and management of cancer patients. Increased CEA values are observed in patients with digestive tract cancers, other nonmalignant and malignant disorders such as colorectal, gastric, breast, lung, prostatic, pancreatic, and ovarian carcinoma.

Source: CEA assay package insert

Cardiac Enzymes

"This test package is a biomarker for myocardial infarction. It includes the following tests: Aspartate Aminotransferase, Total CPK, CK-MB Isoenzyme, and Lactate Dehydrogenase."

Source: Package Inserts

Cell Count

Differential cell count is the most diagnostically significant test performed on body fluids. This test aids in the diagnosis of systemic disease, inflammation, malignancy and trauma.

Source: Urinalysis and Body fluids by Susan King Strasinger, Marjorie Schaub Di Lorenzo, 5th Edition

Cerebrospinal Fluid Total Protein

CSF protein measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as meningitis, brain tumors, and infections of the central nervous system.

Source: Urine/CSF Protein assay package insert

Ceruloplasmin

Determination of ceruloplasmin level is useful in cases of central nervous system diseases. It aids in the diagnosis of Wilson’s disease, Menkes syndrome, and copper deficiency.

Source: Ceruloplasmin assay package insert

CHEM 12

This package includes the following tests: Fasting Blood Glucose, Blood Urea Nitrogen , Sodium , Potassium, Chloride, Calcium, Carbon Dioxide, Total Protein, Albumin , Globulin, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatase, and Total Bilirubin.

Source: Package Inserts

CHEM 15

This package includes the following tests:Fasting Blood Glucose, Blood Urea Nitrogen , Sodium , Potassium, Chloride, Uric Acid , Calcium , Carbon Dioxide, Cholesterol, Total Protein , Albumin, Globulin, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatase, and Total Bilirubin.

Source: Package Inserts

CHEM 16

This package includes the following tests: Fasting Blood Glucose, Blood Urea Nitrogen, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Uric Acid, Calcium , Carbon Dioxide, Cholesterol, Total Protein , Albumin, Globulin, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatase, and Total Bilirubin.

Source: Package Inserts

CHEM 17

This package includes the following tests: Sodium, Potassium, BUN, Fasting Blood Glucose, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Uric Acid, SGOT, SGPT, Calcium, Phosphorus, Chloride, Alkaline Phosphatase, Total Bilirubin, Albumin, Globulin, Total Protein, LDH, and Total CPK.

Source: Package Inserts

CHEM 19

This package includes the following tests: Sodium, Potassium, Creatinine, BUN, Fasting Blood Glucose, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Uric Acid, SGOT, SGPT, Calcium, Phosphorus, Chloride, Alkaline Phosphatase, Total Bilirubin, Albumin, Globulin, Total Protein, LDH, and Total CPK.

Source: Package Inserts

CHEM 23

This package includes the following tests: Sodium, Potassium, Creatinine, BUN, Fasting Blood Glucose, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL, LDL, Uric Acid, SGOT, SGPT, Calcium, Phosphorus, Chloride, Alkaline Phosphatase, Total Bilirubin, Albumin, Total Protein, Globulin, LDH, Total CPK, Carbon Dioxide, GGTP, and Amylase.

Source: Package Inserts

CHEM Neuro

This package includes the following tests: Sodium, Potassium, Creatinine, BUN, Fasting Blood Glucose, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Uric Acid, and SGPT.

Source: Package Inserts

Chikungunya

This test is used in the detection of Chikungunya virus, that causes a disease syndrome characterized by fever, headache, rash, nausea, vomiting, myalgia and arthralgia and its transmission to human is mainly through Aedes species mosquitoes.

Source: Product insert.

Chikungunya IgM

Chikungunya IgM test is a solid phase immunochromatographic assay for rapid qualitative detection of IgM antibodies to Chikungunya. Chikungunya fever is transmitted to humans by the bite of a variety of mosquitoes.

Source: Chikungunya IgM Package Insert

Chlamydia Antigen

Chlamydia test is a solid phase immunochromatographic assay for the rapid, qualitative detection of Chlamydia antigen directly from endocervical swab and cytology brush specimens. Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterium which causes a sexually transmitted infection.

Source: Chlamydia Antigen Test Package Insert

Chlamydia trachomatis/ Neisseria gonorrhoeae (CT/NG) PCR

This test is used in the detection and differentiation of Chlamydia trachomatis from Neisseria gonorrhea to aid in the diagnosis of chlamydial and/or gonorrheal urogenital disease. Assay may be used to test the specimens from asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals both male and female.

Source: Xpert CT/NG Assay product insert

Chloride

"Chloride is the major extracellular anion. It plays an important role in determining the osmotic pressure, which controls the distribution of water among cells, plasma, and interstitial fluid, and maintaining electrical neutrality. "

Source: Linne & Ringsrud's Clinical Laboratory Science 6th Edition

Chloride - Other body fluids

Measurment of Chloride in body fluids other than blood can aid in the diagnosis of different diseases such as Cystic Fibrosis, Cirrhosis, and may be used for pancreatic function testing.

Source: aruplab.com/bodyfluids

Cholesterol - Other body fluids

Measurement of Cholesterol in body fluids other than blood is useful in evaluation of different diseases such as cholesterol pericarditis, differentiation of exudates and transudates, and in distinguishing chylothorax from pseudochylothorax.

Source: aruplab.com/bodyfluids

Clostridium difficile Antigen

Clostridium difficile GDH is a rapid qualitative enzyme immunoassay screening test to detect Clostridium difficile antigen, glutamate dehydrogenase, in fecal specimens from persons suspected of having C. difficile infection (CDI). This test does not distinguish between toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of C. difficile

Source: Clostridium difficile Antigen Package Insert

Clot Retraction

Clot retraction is the process of shrinking the formed clot (reducing its volume), mediated by contraction of the intracellular actin-myosin cytoskeleton of the activated platelets incorporated in the clot. This is done by incubating the specimen at 37 degrees Celsius for 1 hour.

Source: Clinical Diagnosis and Management by John Bernard Henry, M.D.

Clotting Time (Lee and White Method)

Clotting time is used as a screening test to measure intrinsic coagulation system and to monitor heparin. Severe haemophilia, afibrinogenemia, and severe fibrinolytic states cause a prolonged clotting time, as do circulating anticoagulants (inhibitors).

Source: Brown, B.A. (1993). Hematology: Principles and Procedures. (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. Aster, R.

Clotting Time (Slide Method)

Clotting time is used as a screening test to measure intrinsic coagulation system and to monitor heparin. Severe haemophilia, afibrinogenemia, and severe fibrinolytic states cause a prolonged clotting time, as do circulating anticoagulants (inhibitors).

Source: Brown, B.A. (1993). Hematology: Principles and Procedures. (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. Aster, R.

Cold Agglutinins

Cold agglutinin disease is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of high concentrations of circulating antibodies, usually IgM, directed against red blood cells. It is a form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, specifically one in which antibodies only bind red blood cells at low body temperatures, typically 28-31

Source: Surhone, L., Tennoe, M., & Henssonow, S. (2010). Cold Agglutinin Disease. Betascript Publishing.

Complete Blood Count

A complete blood count (CBC) is performed on automated hematology profiling instruments and includes the RBC, WBC, and platelet measurements. It is a blood test used to evaluate the overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, including anemia, infection and leukemia.

Source: RODAK’s Hematology Clinical Principles and Applications 5th Edition

Complete Blood Count

A complete blood count (CBC) is performed on automated hematology profiling instruments and includes the RBC, WBC, and platelet measurements. It is a blood test used to evaluate the overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, including anemia, infection and leukemia.

Source: RODAK’s Hematology Clinical Principles and Applications 5th Edition

Concentration Method

The fecal concentration methods based on sedimentation of parasites are useful for recovering heavy parasite eggs due to the concentration of the organisms in the sediment, whereas the centrifugal-flotation in zinc sulfate is used preferentially to recover protozoa cysts because of the low density of parasitic forms as compared to the salt solution. The result is a clean preparation for microscopic examination with a minimal amount of fecal debris.

Source: Clinical Diagnosis and Management by John Bernard Henry, M.D.

Cortisol

Cortisol is the major glucocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex. Cortisol test is used in the diagnosis and treatment of adrenal disorders and it serve as a direct monitor of adrenal status and an indirect measurement of pituitary hyper or hypofunction.

Source: Cortisol assay package insert

COVID -19 Test

COVID-19 RT-PCR test is used for the detection of nucleic acid from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in respiratory specimens such as nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs, sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage.

Source: eng.sansure.com.cn

Creatine Kinase- MM

Creatine Kinase-MM (CK-MM) is one of the three forms of Creatine Kinase (CK). It is located in skeletal muscles and heart. CK-MM values is used for detection and monitoring of skeletal muscle damage, rhabdomyolyis, muscular dystrophy, MI, and hypothyroidism.

Source: Brunner and Suddarth's Handbook of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests

Creatine Phospokinase

Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK) or Creatine Kinase (CK) is used in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases associated with skeletal muscle, heart, central nervous system, and thyroid. Elevated values are observed in patients with muscle damage or heart attack.

Source: Creatine Kinase assay package insert

Creatine Phospokinase MB Isoenzyme

Creatine Phospokinase MB Isoenzyme (CPK-MB Isoenzyme or CK-MB Isoenzyme) represents a significant fraction of creatine kinase present in myocardial tissue and lower levels in other tissues. In the absence of major muscle trauma, it may be indicative of cardiac damage, and myocardial infarction.

Source: CK-MB assay package insert

Creatinine

Creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism and it is freely filtered by the glomeruli of the kidney. Measurement of serum creatinine may aid in diagnosis and monitoring of acute and chronic renal disease, estimate glomerular filtration rate, or assess the status of renal dialysis patients.

Source: Linne & Ringsrud's Clinical Laboratory Science 6th Edition

Creatinine

This test is for the quantitative determination of creatinine in blood produced from creatinine and phosphocreatine during muscle metabolism. This assay is used for the diagnosis and monitoring of acute and chronic kidney disorders and for monitoring dialysis.

Source: Reflotron Creatinine package insert

Creatinine Clearance

Creatinine Clearance is an indirect method used to assess the glomerular filtration functioning capabilities of the kidneys. It determines how efficiently the kidneys are clearing creatinine from the blood. Timed specimens of both urine and blood must be collected.

Source: Linne & Ringsrud's Clinical Laboratory Science 6th Edition Brunner and Suddarth's Handbook of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests

Creatinine - Other body fluids

The Creatinine-OBF test aids in the identification of the presence of urine as a cause for accumulation of fluid in a body compartment. It measures the ultrafiltration capacity of the peritoneal membrane in patients udergoing peritoneal dialysis.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Cryoglobulin

Cryoglobulin are abnormal globulin characterized by spontaneous but reversible precipitation on cooling. It is frequently requested when patient’s symptoms such as pain, cyanosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, and skin ulceration on exposure to cold temperatures are present.

Source: Immunology and Serology in Laboratory Medicine, by Stevens 3rd edition; Immunology and Serology in Laboratory Medicine, by Turgeon, Mary Louise, 5th edition

Cryptococcus Antigen Qualitative

The CrAg Lateral Flow Assay aids in the diagnosis of Cryptococcosis. This assay is an immunochromatographic test system for qualitative detection of the capsular polysaccharide antigens of Cryptococcus species complex (Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii) in serum and Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Source: CrAg Lateral Flow Assay Insert 

Cryptococcus Antigen Quantitative

The CrAg Lateral Flow assay aids in the diagnosis of Cryptococcosis. This assay is an immunochromatographic test system for semi-quantitative detection of the capsular polysaccharide antigens of Cryptococcus species complex (Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii) in serum and Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Source: CrAg Lateral Flow Assay Insert 

Cryptosporidium Antigen

Detection of oocysts (8-10um) in fresh stool samples is done microscopically through modified acid-fast staining.

Source: Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology 27th Edition

Culture and Sensitivity - Body Fluids

Body fluids are generally defined as the fluids that are present within the body of a person. The role of the test is to help detect, isolate, identify any other pathogenic microorganisms present in the body. It can also be done on other types of body fluids because they give a better idea of the kind of disease or disorders present in certain parts of the body.

Source: Principles and procedures for Blood Cultures; Approved Guideline, CLSI document M47-A. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI); Wayne, P.A. 2007

Culture and Sensitivity - Other Specimen with Anaerobic

This test is used to isolate and identify anaerobic pathogenic organisms, as well as to determine the susceptibility of isolates. Anaerobic cultures are indicated particularly when suspected infections are related to gastrointestinal tract, pelvic organs, associated with malignancy, related to use of aminoglycosides, or occur in a setting in which the diagnosis of gas gangrene or actinomycosis is considered. Anaerobic culture is especially indicated when an exudate has a foul odor or if the exudate has a grayish discoloration and is hemorrhagic.

Source: Bartlett JG. Anaerobic bacterial infections of the lung. Chest. 1987 Jun; 91(6):901-909. PubMed 3556058 Hall BB, Fitzgerald RH Jr, Rosenblatt JE. Anaerobic osteomyelitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1983 Jan; 65(1):30-35. PubMed 6848532

Culture and Sensitivity- Other Specimen without Anaerobic

The isolation and correct identification of respiratory pathogens is an important aid in the diagnosis and management of infected patients. Respiratory samples are processed using culture media in order to select the pathogen from the normal commensal flora and depending on the nature of the specimen, patient's clinical details; the specimens are inoculated onto different selective media and the media are incubated for different lengths of time. For genital sources, a culture that identifies yeast, beta hemolytic streptococcus, staphylococcus and Gardnerella that causes bacterial vaginosis.

Source: Medical microbiology 4th edition
medscape.com

Culture and Sensitivity - Stool + Escherichia Coli

This test is used in the identification and diagnosis of Bacterial gastroenteritis commonly referred to as bacterial diarrhea or infectious diarrhea. Diarrhea is the usual symptom of an infection of the intestinal tract and is the leading cause of child morbidity and mortality in the world.

Source: Training Course on the Laboratory Diagnosis of Medically Important Bacterial Pathogens, by RITM Medical Microbiology, 4th Edition by Samuel Baron

Culture and Sensitivity - Urine

Genitourinary infections fall into two main categories: (1) primary infections due to sexually transmitted pathogenic microorganisms and (2) infections due to members of the resident flora. The diagnosis of a urinary tract infection is confirmed by culturing the organism from urine. Most bacteria that cause urinary infection grow readily, and the clinical diagnosis of urinary tract infection is usually confirmed within 24 hours

Source: Medical microbiology 4th edition

Cyclosporine

Cyclosporine is a cyclic undecapeptide of fungal origin and a potent immunosuppressant. It is used as a primary agent during immunosuppressive therapy for solid organ transplants.

Source: Cyclosporine assay package insert

Cystatin C

Cystatin C is a serum protein that serves as a measure of kidney function. Its concentration in blood inversely correlates with the glomerular filtration rate.

Source: Cystatin C assay package insert

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Quantitative - Batch Run

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a beta human herpes virus , a widespread opportunistic virus that causes severe diseases in immune-compromised individuals, such as organ transplant recipients and AIDS patients.

Source: Product insert.

Cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin G

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a β-group herpesvirus, can produce a variety of disease manifestations, depending on the age of the host, and host’s immune status. It causes an asymptomatic or mononucleosis-like infection in healthy individuals but devastating systemic infections in neonates and in immunocompromised people. Detection of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to CMV indicates past infection, reinfection,or reactivation of the virus.

Source: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease Ninth Edition

Cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin M

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a β-group herpesvirus, can produce a variety of disease manifestations, depending on the age of the host, and host’s immune status. It causes an asymptomatic or mononucleosis-like infection in healthy individuals but devastating systemic infections in neonates and in immunocompromised people. Detection of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to CMV indicates primary infection, reinfection, or reactivation of the virus.

Source: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease Ninth Edition

Cytoplasmic Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody

C-ANCA are important serological markers for diagnosis and differentiation of autoimmune vasculitides, especially granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA, formally known as Wegener’s granulomatosis).

Source: IIFT Granulocyte (EOH) Package Insert

D - Dimer

D-Dimer, which refers to the D-D fragment, is composed of two cross-linked D domains from separate fibrin molecules by the action of factor XIIIa. D-dimer test is used as a marker of thrombosis and fibrinolysis.

Source: D-dimer Package Insert

D - Dimer

This assay is a quantitative test for specific detection of d-dimer in venous blood to aid in the diagnosis of patients with suspected deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

Source: CARDIAC D-Dimer package insert

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate

DHEA-S is the most abundant adrenal androgen and also functions as a neurosteroid thatis produced by the adrenalcortez. DHEA-S is an excellent indicator of adrenal androgen production.

Source: DHEA-S assay package insert

Dengue Duo IgG and IgM

Dengue IgG/IgM test is designed to simultaneously detect and differentiate IgG and IgM antibodies to dengue virus in human serum. IgM usually becomes detectable until 5 to 10 days after onset of illness in cases of primary dengue infection and until up to 4 to 5 days after onset of illness in secondary infections.

Source: Dengue IgG/IgM Package Insert

Dengue Duo NS 1

Dengue NS1 Antigen Test is an aid in the presumptive diagnosis of dengue infections. It is found in specimens from primary or secondary dengue-infected patients between 1 and 9 days after onset of fever

Source: Dengue NS1 Package Insert

Dengue IgG / IgM

Dengue IgG/IgM is a rapid test intended as aid in the presumptive diagnosis between primary and secondary dengue infection.

Source: Dengue IgG/IgM package insert

Dengue NS1

Dengue NS1 antigen rapid test is a highly sensitive and specific assay for qualitative detection of dengue virus NS1 antigen to aid in the presumptive diagnosis of dengue infections.

Source: Dengue NS1 Ag package insert

Dengue RNA PCR (Screening)

Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are viral diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, usually Aedes aegypti.

Source: Product insert

Digoxin

Digoxin is a potent cardiac glycoside prescribed for the treatment of patients suffering from congestive heart failure or from some types of cardiac arrhythmias. Monitoring serum or plasma digoxin levels along with other clinical data can aid the physician in adjusting patient dosage to achieve optimal therapeutic effect while avoiding subtherapeutic or toxic dosage levels.

Source: Digoxin assay package insert

Direct Bilirubin

Direct bilirubin is the sum of the conjugated fractions. Direct bilirubin is elevated in conditions causing hepatic obstruction, hepatitis, cirrhosis, several inherited enzyme deficiencie, and inherited defects in canalicular excretion.

Source: Direct Bilirubin assay package insert

Electrophoresis Cerebcospinal Fluid with Immunofixation

Immunofixation is a choice technique to prove the immunoglobulin character of the oligoclonal bands. Confirmation of intrathecal Ig synthesis is an important information to suspect inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, such as caused by multiple sclerosis.

Source: CSF Electrophoresis Package Insert

Ellagic Acid Clotting Time

Ellagic acid clotting time utilizes liquid purified soy and rabbit brain phosphatides with plasma activator. This results to an activated partial thromboplastin reagent with increased sensitivity to lupus-like inhibitors for use in the determination of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and related coagulation procedures.

Source: Ellagic Acid Clotting Time Package Insert

Enterovirus RNA-PCR

Enteroviruses can be found in the respiratory secretions (e.g. saliva, sputum, or nasal mucus) and stool of an infected person; may cause cold-like symptoms or severe respiratory infection. Other person may become infected by direct contact with secretions from an infected person or by contact with contaminated surfaces or objects.

Source: Product insert.

Epsilometer Test Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

ETEST is a well-established method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in microbiology laboratories around the world.The E-test has been developed to provide a direct quantification of antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms. The device consists of a predefined, continuous, and exponential gradient of antibiotic concentrations immobilized along a rectangular plastic test strip and is used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of antibiotics, antifungal agents and antimycobacterial agents.

Source: https://www.biomerieux-usa.com/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1324301/

Epstein Barr Virus IgG

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the cause of infectious mononucleosis. In the early stage of the disease, IgM and IgG antibodies against VCA are successively detectable. The highest concentration of VCA IgG antibodies is reached after about six weeks from onset of symptoms.

Source: Epstein Barr Virus IgG Package Insert

Epstein Barr Virus IgM

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the cause of infectious mononucleosis. In the early stage of the disease, IgM and IgG antibodies against VCA are successively detectable. About three weeks after the onset of symptoms, the maximum concentration of IgM antibodies against the VCA peptide is attained.

Source: Epstein Barr Virus IgM Package Insert

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) test is used to detect and monitor inflammation and roughly estimate its intensity. This test measures how rapidly red blood cells settle at the bottom of a blood sample in a period of 1 hour. It is functional in the diagnosis of several inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, infections, temporal arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, or certain malignancies.

Source: Keohane, Elaine M., Larry J. Smith, and Jeanine M. Walenga. Rodak's Hematology: Clinical Principles and Applications Fift Edition. Missouri: Elsevier Saunders, 2016.

Estradiol

Estradiol is the most potent natural estrogen in humans. It regulates reproductive function in females,and, with progesterone, maintains pregnancy.

Source: Direct Estradiol assay package insert

Factor Specific Assay IX

The determination of Factor IX is important in the diagnosis of consumption coagulopathy, hepatic cirrhosis and to achieve more precise monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy.

Source: Factor IX Package insert

Factor Specific Assay V

Declining coagulation factor V activity is a more specific marker of liver disease. The factor V activity assay, performed in conjunction with the factor VII assay, may be used to distinguish liver disease from vitamin K deficiency.

Source: Factor V Package Insert

Factor Specific Assay VIII

The determination of the coagulation activity of Factor VIII and IX is employed for monitoring substitution therapy with Factors VIII and IX concentrates in hemophilia A or B.

Source: Factor VIII Package Insert

Factor V Leiden

Factor V Leidenis a coagulation test for the determination of the anticoagulatory capacity of the Protein C system in human plasma and is used to diagnose hereditary or acquired deficiency states of the Protein C system.

Source: Factor V Leiden Package Insert

Fasting Blood Sugar/ Fasting Plasma Glucose

Fasting Blood Sugar is commonly used as an aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. Hyperglycemia is associated with pancreatic neoplasm, hyperthyroidism, and adrenal cortical hyperfunction. Hypoglycemia may result from excessive insulin therapy or various liver diseases.

Source: Glucose assay package insert

Ferritin

Ferritin is a high-molecular weight iron-containing protein that functions in the body as an iron storage compound. The availability of sensitive methods for measuring serum ferritin have significantly advanced the ability to detect iron deficiency and overload.

Source: Ferritin assay package insert

Fibrin Degradation Product

FDPs, including D-dimer, become elevated and interfere with normal fibrin formation. This combination of events sets loose a series of toxic and inflammatory processes. This assay is particularly useful as a screening aid in the diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Source: Rodak, B. F., Fritsma, G. A., & Keohane, E. M. (2016). Hematology: clinical principles and applications. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Saunders.

Fibrinogen Level

Fibrinogen level aids in the detection of increased or decreased fibrinogen concentration of acquired or congenital origin. It is also used in monitoring severity and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Folate

Folates are necessary for nucleic acid and mitochondrial protein synthesis, and amino acid metabolism. It is used in the diagnosis of suspected folate deficiency that is caused by low dietary intake, malabsorption, enzyme deficiency, alcohol and oral contraceptives, and excessive folate demand during pregnancy.

Source: Ferritin assay package insert

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

FSH promotes follicular development in the ovary and gametogenesis in the testis. FSH in mature females acts to stimulate development of the ovarian follicles. Circulating FSH levels vary throughout the menstrual cycle in response to estradiol and progesterone.

Source:

Free Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Free βhCG in combination with serum pregnancy‑associated plasma protein A (PAPP‑A) and the sonographic determination of nuchal translucency (NT) identifies women at an increased risk of carrying a fetus affected with Down syndrome during the first trimester (week 8‑14) of pregnancy.

Source: Product insert

Free Prostate Specific Antigen

The cancer sensitivity and tissue specificity of PSA makes it the most useful tumor marker available for the screening and management of prostate cancer. In prostate cancer, there is generally an increase in the serum concentration of complexed PSA and a corresponding decrease in unbound or free PSA.

Source: Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Techniques, and Correlations by Bishop, Fody, and Schoeff Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods by McPherson and Pincus

Free Thyroxine

Free Thyroxine (FT4) is the thyroxine that is not attached to a protein in blood. Free T4 values may, therefore, provide the best indication of thyroid dysfunction, since free T4 is less sensitive to changes in the serum binding proteins.

Source: FT4 assay package insert

Free Triidothyronne

Free Triiodothyronine is the free faction that represents the physologically active thyroid hormone. Free T3 is important in monitoring patients on anti-thyroid therapy. Serum FT3 may also be useful in assessing the severity of the thyrotoxic state.

Source: FT3 assay package insert

Fungal Culture and Sensitivity

This test is used in the identification, treatment and management of fungal infection among immunocompromised hosts.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Fungal Smear

Potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation - used for the rapid detection of fungal elements in clinical specimen, as it clears the specimen making fungal elements more visible during direct microscopic examination.

Source: Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology

Gamma Glutamyltransferase - Other body fluids

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is primarily present in kidney, liver, and pancreatic cells. Elevated GGT levels in body fluids is associated with liver disease and alcoholic cirrhosis.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Gamma - Glutamyltranspeptidase

GGT assay is used in the diagnosis and monitoring of hepatobiliary disease. It is currently the most sensitive enzymatic indicator of liver disease. It is also a associated with alcoholic cirrhosis.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Gastrointestinal Panel

This panel test is used to identify common gastrointestinal pathogens including viruses, bacteria and parasites that cause infectious diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Source: Product insert

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (ADULT)

Source:

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Confirmatory (Pedia)

Source:

Glucose - Cerebrospinal fluid

CSF Glucose levels is used in diagnosing possible nervous system infection. Decreased levels are normally seen in bacterial meningitis, and typically normal levels in viral meningitis.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Glucose - Other body fluids

The Glucose-OBF test aids in the identification of infection or possible malignancy in body fluid specimens.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Gram Stain

The Gram stain is a general stain used extensively in microbiology for the preliminary differentiation of microbiological organisms. It is one of the simplest, least expensive, and most useful of the rapid methods used to identify and classify bacteria.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

HACT Viral Load

The Xpert HIV-1 VL Assay is an in vitro reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for the detection and quantification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in human plasma from HIV-1 infected individuals. The Xpert HIV-1 VL Assay is intended for use in conjunction with clinical presentation and other laboratory markers for disease prognosis and for use as an aid in assessing viral response to antiretroviral treatment as measured by changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA levels.

Source: Febrile Antigen Direct Test Insert

Haemochromatosis Mutation Analysis

This assay is used for the identification of HFE gene mutations (H63D, S65C, C282Y). It identifies the most frequent genetic variants causing iron overload that can lead to dysfunction and failure in multi[le organs.

Source: www.viennalab.com

Hams Test

The Ham’s test is the definitive diagnostic test for Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH). PNH is an acquired clonal stem cell disorder characterized by the production of abnormal erythrocytes, granulocytes, and platelets. The red cell defect renders them more susceptible to complement-mediated intravascular lysis.

Source: Henry, J.B, MD Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods.19th edition, Saunders, Philadelphia, 1998

HBV DNA Real Time PCR-TAQMAN Hepatitis B Virus (Batch Run)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a quantification test used in the management of patients with chronic HBV undergoing antiviral therapy.

Source: diagnostics.roche.com/

HCV Viral Load

HCV is an enveloped RNA virus in the flaviridae family, it is a major cause of acute hepatitis and chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and liver cancer. This test measures the level of hepatitis C virus in the bloodstream.

Source: Product insert

HCV RNA PCR

HCV is an enveloped RNA virus in the flaviridae family, it is a major cause of acute hepatitis and chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and liver cancer. This test measures the level of hepatitis C virus in the bloodstream.

Source: Liferiver product insert

Helicobacter Pylori Antigen Stool

Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is a spiral shaped bacterium. This bacterium lives in the stomach lining and causes an inflammatory condition known as gastritis. H.pylori Antigen test is a rapid test for the qualitative detection of H.pylori antigen in human fecal specimens.

Source: Helicobacter pylori Antigen Package Insert

Helicobacter pylori IgG

The test is intended for the quantitative measurement of IgG class antibodies against Helicobacter pylori in human serum samples. H. pylori causes a chronic infection of the stomach, which can only be eradicated with a specific antibiotic therapy.

Source: Helicobacter pylori IgG Package Insert

Helicobacter pylori IgM

The test is intended for the quantitative measurement of IgG class antibodies against Helicobacter pylori in human serum samples. H. pylori causes a chronic infection of the stomach, which can only be eradicated with a specific antibiotic therapy.

Source: Helicobacter pylori IgM Package Insert

Hema Stain - Slide

The purpose of this test is to have a readily available smear for the requesting physician's perusal and review within a span of 1 year. A well-made, well-stained, and carefully examined peripheral blood film can provide valuable information regarding a patient’s health.

Source: Rodak, B. F., Fritsma, G. A., & Keohane, E. M. (2016). Hematology: Clinical principles and applications. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Saunders.

Hemoglobin A1c

HbA1c is the fraction of hemoglobin A that reflects the average blood glucose level during the preceding 2 to 3 months. This assay is useful as an aid in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, identification of patients at risk for developing diabetes and monitoring of patients with diabetes mellitus.

Source: Hemoglobin A1c assay package insert.

Hemoglobin Electrophoresis

Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a well-established technique routinely used in clinical laboratories to screen samples for hemoglobinopathies (hemoglobin variants and thalassemias). Hemoglobin fractions are separated in silica capillaries, by their electrophoretic mobility and electroosmotic flow at a high voltage in an alkaline buffer.

Source: Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Package Insert

Heparin test

The Heparin test is a chromogenic assay for the determination of the activity of heparin in plasma and for monitoring of heparin therapy. Heparin is administered in patients to control excessive clotting by inhibiting the activities of thrombin, Factor Xa and other serine protease coagulation factors.

Source: Heparin Package Insert

Hepatitis B Envelope Antigen

HBeAg is the first detectable marker in the early phase of Hepatitis B viral infection, after the appearance of hepatitis B surface antigen.

Source: HBeAg assay package insert

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen

HBsAg is the first serological marker after infection with HBV appearing one to ten weeks after exposure and two to eight weeks before the onset of clinical symptoms.

Source: HBsAg assay package insert

Herpes simplex virus 1 & 2

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the most common agents infecting human of all ages. The virus occurs world wide and produces a variety of illnesses including mucocutaneous infections, infections of the CNS and occasionally infections of the visceral organs, it is also a sexually transmitted disease.

Source: Product insert

Herpes Simplex Virus I IgG

Anti-HSV-1 IgG is an ELISA based test system intended for the quantitative measurement of IgG class antibodies against herpes simplex virus 1 glycoprotein G (gG1) in human serum. IgG antibodies against HSV-1 are formed six to eight weeks after a primary infection with the type 1 herpes simplex virus and indicate prior contact with the virus.

Source: Herpes Simplex Virus I IgG Package Insert

Herpes Simplex Virus I IgM

Anti-HSV-1 IgM is an ELISA-based, automated, in-vitro test system for the quantitative determination of IgM antibodies against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in human serum. Detection of IgM antibodies against HSV virus is important to confirm an acute primary infection.

Source: Herpes Simplex Virus I IgM Package Insert

Herpes Simplex Virus II IgG

Anti-HSV-2 IgG is an ELISA based test system intended for the quantitative measurement of IgG class antibodies against herpes simplex virus 2 glycoprotein G (gG2) in human serum. IgG-class antibodies against glycoprotein G2 are detectable several weeks after primary infection.

Source: Herpes Simplex Virus II IgG Package Insert

Herpes Simplex Virus II IgM

Anti-HSV-2 IgG is an ELISA based test system intended for the quantitative measurement of IgG class antibodies against herpes simplex virus 2 glycoprotein G (gG2) in human serum. IgG-class antibodies against glycoprotein G2 are detectable several weeks after primary infection.

Source: Herpes Simplex Virus II IgM Package Insert

High Density Lipoprotein

High Density Lipoprotein is an important tool used to assess an individual's risk of developing coronary heart disease.

Source: HDL assay package insert

High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein used as a marker or general diagnostic indicator of infections and inflammation. CRP is seen to increase as a result of inflammatory process, most notably in response to bacterial infection, histolytic disease, and a variety of other disease states.

Source: C-Reactive Protein assay package insert

High Sensitivity Troponin I

Cardiac Troponin I is the preferred biomarker for the detection of myocardial injury based on improved sensitivity and superior tissue specificity compared to other available biomarkers of necrosis.

Source: High Sensitivity Troponin I assay package insert

High Sensitivity Troponin T

Troponin T (TnT) is a component of the contractile apparatus of the striated musculature T, originating exclusively from the myocardium . This assay can be used as an aid in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome and is a highly sensitive marker for myocardial damage.

Source: Troponin T HS package insert.

Homocysteine

Homocysteine is a thiol-containing amino acid produced by the intracellular demethylation of methionine. Homocysteine is metabolized to either cysteine or methionine. The majority of elevatedhomocysteine cases in the general population are due to deficiency of folic acid, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12.

Source: Homocysteine assay package insert

Human Epididymis Protein 4

HE4 aids in the monitoring of ovarian cancer patients in post-therapy. Patients with treated epthelial ovarian cancer are also checked for recurrence or progression.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Human Leukocyte Antigen B27

HLA-B27 is a specific type of protein that contributes to immune system dysfunction. The presence of HLA-B27 in white blood cells can cause the immune system to attack those otherwise healthy cells. When this occurs, it can result in an autoimmune disease or immune-mediated disease, such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis.

Source: www.healthline.com

Human Leukocyte Antigen Tissue Typing

HLA typing is a kind of genetic test used to identify certain individual variations in a person’s immune system. Typing for these HLA alleles is a fundamental prerequisite for tissue matching in allogeneic organ transplantation.

Source: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Human Papillomavirus Genotyping

HPV-DNA assay is intended to detect HPV-16, HPV18/45 genotypes and 11 other high risk types (31, 33,35, 39, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 and 68). Persistent infection with high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer and is a precursor to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).

Source: HPV product insert

Identification of Filamentous Fungi

This is a laboratory test to identify yeast and molds in clinical microbiology laboratories with correlation to culture plate and microscopic reading. It also uses MALDI-TOF MS to identify molds rapidly in clinical laboratories, which is of increasing importance for appropriate patient management to identify opportunistic fungi causing infection in compromised patients.

Source: Brown GD, Denning DW, Gow NAR, Levitz SM, Netea MG, White TC. 2012. Hidden killers: human fungal infections. Sci Transl Med 4:165rv13. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3004404.

Immature Platelet Fraction

The immature platelet fraction is a modern parameter that measures young and more reactive platelets in peripheral blood. IPF can be measured to provide additional information concerning platelet kinetics in cases of thrombocytopenia. It can also provide an early indication of engraftment success after hematopoietic stem cell transplant.

Source: Rodak, B. F., Fritsma, G. A., & Keohane, E. M. (2012). Hematology: clinical principles and applications. 4th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Saunders.

Immunofixation Serum

Protein immunofixation is a well-established technique used to type any suspected monoclonal component, detected by serum protein electrophoresis.Monoclonal bands could be hidden by regular proteins on each zone, therefore they can be missed by simple electrophoresis. To identify these abnormal bands, the technique of immunofixation is applied along with the classic electrophoresis.

Source: Immunofixation Serum Package Insert

Immunoglobulin A

IgA serum levels aids in the detection or monitoring of IgA monoclonal gammopathies and IgA-related immune deficiencies. Elevated IgA levels are associated with chronic liver disease, chronic infections (especially of GI and respiratory tracts), neoplasia of lower GI tract, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple myeloma and rheumatoid arthritis.

Source: IgA assay package insert

Immunoglobulin G

IgG is the major immunoglobulin in the blood and is produced in copious amounts during secondary immune responses. IgG molecules are the only antibodies that can pass from mother to fetus. Quantitacation of IgG can be used to evaluate humoral immunity; detect or monitor IgG monoclonal gammopathies and immune deficiencies.

Source: IgG assay package insert

Immunoglobulin M

IgM is the first immunoglobulin class produced during an initial immune response and antigen-IgM complexes actively fix complement. The presence of IgM is useful in assessing whether a particular infection is acute (IgM present) or chronic (IgG predominate class present). It is also used in detecting or monitoring IgM monoclonal gammopathies and IgM-related immune deficiencies

Source: IgM assay package insert

India Ink

The india ink staining method is a negative staining technique that is essentially used to identify the presence of capsules. It helps in the visualization of capsules surrounding certain yeast, such as Cryptococcus specie.

Source: Connie Mahon, Donald Lehman, George Manuselis. Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology,5th Edition.

Infectious mononucleosis (Heterophile) Test

Infectious mononucleosis test is a one-step rapid latex particle agglutination test for the qualitative determination of infectious mononucleosis heterophile antibodies in serum.

Source: Infectious mononucleosis test Package Insert

Influenza A/B Confirmatory

Influenza is a highly contagious, acute, viral infection of respiratory tract. It is a communicable disease that is easily transmitted through the coughing and sneezing of aerosolized droplets containing live virus. This assay is a confirmatory test for Influenza A/B infection.

Source: Influenza A & B package insert

Influenza A/B Rapid Screening

Influenza A+B assay is a simple and highly sensitive screening assay to make presumptive diagnosis of Influenza type A and/or type B respiratory infection from nasal swab, nasopharyngeal wash or aspirate specimens.

Source: CERTEST BIOTEC Influenza A+B package insert

Insulin

Insulin is formed from precursor, proinsulin, in the beta cells of the pancreas. Immunoassays for insulin have been widely used to provide supplementary information, first, for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and, second, for the diferrential diagnosis of fasting hypoglycemia to discriminate between insulinoma and factitious hypoglycemia.

Source: Insulin assay package insert

Intact Parathyroid Hormone

The primary role of PTH is to regulate the blood calcium level. The PTH assay is used as an aid in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, and parathyroid disorders.

Source: iPTH assay package insert

Interleukin-6

The Interleukin‑6 assay is used as an early indicator for acute inflammation and for monitoring patients with chronic inflammation and evaluating severity of sepsis.

Source: IL-6 package insert

Ionized Calcium

Free or Ionized Calcium is being used by the body in vital processes such as muscular contraction, cardiac function, transmission of nerve impulses and blood clotting. Measurement of Ionized Calcium is important in diagnosing or monitoring hypertension management, parathyroidism, renal diseases, inadequeate calcium intake, vitamin D monitoring, dialysis patients, pancreatitis, effect of diuretics, malnutrition, kidney stones, multiple myeloma, and diabetes mellitus.

Source: Operator's Manual

Iron

Iron exists in biological fluids as a components of hemoglobin and myoglobin and is bound in serum and plasma to transferrin, which acts as a carrier protein. Increased iron concentrations are seen in hemolytic anemias, hemochromatosis and acute liver disease. Decreased iron concentrations are seen in Iron deficiency and anemia of chronic disease.

Source: Iron assay package insert

Janus Kinase 2 Mutation

This test is used for the detection of Leukemia Gene JAK2 V167F mutation in leukocytes that is found in the majority of patients with Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL).

Source: Product insert

Japanese encephalitis virus RNA

Detection of Japanese encephalitis virus in serum, plasma or CSF; is a mosquito-born disease, that is transmitted through the bite of an infected female culex mosquito.

Source: Product insert

Kidney Function Test

This test package is a general marker of kidney function.It includes the following tests: BUN, Creatinine, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Uric Acid, Phophorus, Magnesium, Total Protein, Albumin, and Globulin.

Source: Package Inserts

Lactate

Lactate is used in diagnosing and monitoring patients with lactic acidosis. Increased levels is seen in shock, pneumonia, and congestive heart failure. Lactic acidosis may also occur in renal failure and leukemia.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Lactate dehydrogenase

LDH is an enzyme used in detecting a variety of diseases involving the heart, liver, muscle, kidney, lung, and blood.It is used in the differential diagnosis of hemolytic anemia and as a tumor marker in some malignancies. LDH is elevated in hepatitis, glomerular nephritis, pulmonary embolism, muscle disease, and many leukemias and lymphomas.

Source: LDH assay package insert

Lactate dehydrogenase - Other body fluids

The LDH-OBF test aids in the identification of exudative pleural effusions using body fluid specimens.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Leptospira IgG / IgM

Leptospira IgG/IgM test is a solid phase immunochromatographic assay for the qualitative and differential detection of IgG and IgM antibodies to Leptospira interrogans in human serum.

Source: Leptospira IgG/IgM Package Insert

Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase Score

Alkaline phosphatase activity is present in varying degrees in the neutrophil and band form of the granulocytes and, sometimes, to a very small degree in certain B lymphocytes. The amount of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase present will vary in different diseases and is useful in differentiating a leukemoid reaction from chronic myelogenous leukemia.

Source: LAP Score Package Insert

Lipase

Increased Serum Lipase levels is used as an important marker of pancreatic disroders, usually pancreatitis.

Source: Lipase assay package insert

Lipase - Other body fluid

The Lipase-OBF assay is used for the quantification of lipase in body fluid specimens. It determines whether pancreatic inflammation or pancreatic fistula may be contributing to a pathological accumulation of fluid

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Lithium

Lithium has been the gold standard drug for bipolar disorders. Measurement of serum lithium levels is used to monitor therapy of patients with bipolar disorders, including recurrent episodes of mania and depression.

Source: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Liver Enzymes

This test package is used to detect, evaluate, and monitor liver disease or damage. It includes the following tests: SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline Phosphatase, LDH, and GGTP.

Source: Package Inserts

Liver Function Test

This test package is used to detect, evaluate, and monitor liver disease or damage. It includes the following tests: Total Protein, Albumin, Globulin, SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline Phosphatase, Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin and Indirect Bilirubin.

Source: Package Inserts

Liver / Kidney Microsome - 1 Antibody Test

The development of anti-LKM-1 antibodies is strongly associated with type 2 autoimmune hepatitis. This test detects and measures the amount (titer) of anti-LKM-1 (or antibody against CYP2D6) in the blood.

Source: LKM-1 Package Insert

Liver Panel 1

This test panel is used to detect, evaluate, and monitor liver disease or damage. It includes the following tests: Anti-HBs, SGOT, Direct Bilirubin, GGTP, Fasting Blood Glucose, HBsAg, Anti-HCV, Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin, Indirect Bilirubin, Lipid Profile , SGPT, Anti-HAV IgG, Albumin, Alkaline Phosphatase, and Total Bilirubin.

Source: Package Inserts

Low Density Lipoprotein

Low Density Lipoprotein is a key factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and CHD. An increase in LDL cholesterol can occur with an associated increased risk for CHD.

Source: LDL assay package insert

Lupus Anticoagulant

LA 1 Screening Reagent and LA 2 Confirmation Reagent are simplified DRVVT reagents for the detection of Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) in one-stage clotting tests. They occur in various clinical conditions, especially autoimmune diseases and are now considered to be a significant risk factor in patients with otherwise unexplained thrombosis and are often present in women who have recurrent fetal loss.

Source: Lupus Anticoagulant Package Insert

Lupus Erythematosus Preparation

The Lupus Erythematosus Preparation test or LE Prep is the scanning of slides for the presence of LE cells which are white blood cells (usually neutrophils) that have ingested the altered nucleus of other white blood cells. This test is used to diagnose Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).

Source: Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods, Todd-Sanford

Luteinizing Hormone

Determination of the concentration of LH is essential for the prediction of ovulation, in the evaluation of infertility, and the diagnosis of pituitary and gonadal disorders.

Source: LH assay package insert

Magnesium

Magnesium is an essential nutrient which is involved in many biochemical functions. Magnesium measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of neuromascular function disorders, carbohydrate intolerance, and cardiac arrhythmias.

Source: Magnesium assay package insert

Malarial Antigen

Malaria test is performed to help diagnose malaria, to monitor for relapses, and to determine drug susceptibility of the parasite causing the infection. Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal parasitic disease characterized by fever, chills, and anemia. An immunochromatographic test kit is used to determine the presence of malarial antigen.

Source: Malarial Antigen Package Insert

Meningitis Panel

This panel tests cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimen for the 14 most common pathogens responsible for community acquired meningitis or encephalitis including viruses, bacteria and yeast.

Source: Product insert

Metanephrine

Metanephrine and normetanephrine, referred as metanephrine, are urinary metabolic products from the catecholamines catabolism pathway. Elevated values are associated with catecholamine-secreting tumors of chromaffin cells.

Source: Package insert

Micral test

Micral test is an immunological, semi-quantitative in vitro determination of urinary albumin up to a concentration of 100 mg/L. Urinary albumin excretion of 20 to 200 mg/L is called microalbuminuria.Detection of microalbuminuria can aid diagnosis and treatment of incipient nephropathy in persons with diabetes and hypertension.

Source: Micral test Package Insert

Micro Albumin Creatinine ratio

The DCA Microalbumin/Creatinine assay allows both the measurement of albumin concentration per creatinine. It helps in the assessment of potential early onset of nephropathy in diabetic patients using random urine specimens

Source: DCA Systems package insert

Microfilarial Test

A Microfilaria test involves the examination of the blood film to identify the existence of the microfilariae parasite. The diagnosis of filariasis is usually made by finding microfilariae in the blood or skin with the use of Giemsa stain of thick smears of peripheral blood.

Source: Lynne Shore Garcia. Filarial nematodes. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. (4th ed) :330 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016, May 3). DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern. Retrieved May 10, 2020, from

Milk Culture

This test is used for the identification of bacterial growth in human milk. Milk suitable for pasteurization should meet the standards set by the Philippine Human Milk Banking Guidlines.Only milk with <104 CFU/ml of normal skin flora and no pathogenic organism is acceptable.

Source: The Philippine Human Milk Banking Manual of Operation.

MRSA PCR

Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a well documented human opportunistic pathogen and a major nosocomial pathogen that causes a range of diseases. Some of the more serious infections produced by S. aureus are bacteremia, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, acute endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, myocarditis, pericarditis, cerebritis, meningitis, chorioamnionitis, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses of the muscle, urogenital tract, central nervous system, and various intra-abdominal organs.Today, MRSA is responsible for approximately 25% of nosocomial infections and reports of community-acquired MRSA are increasing, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality.

Source: Xpert SA NASAL COMPLETE product insert

Mumps IgG

Anti-Mumps Virus IgG is an ELISA-based, automated, in-vitro test system for the quantitative determination of IgG antibodies against mumps virus in human serum. After infection with mumps virus, the natural human host generally develops life-long immunity that can be confirmed by the presence of IgG antibodies.

Source: Mumps IgG Package Insert

Mumps IgM

Anti-Mumps Virus IgM is an ELISA-based, automated, in-vitro test system for the quantitative determination of IgM antibodies against mumps virus in human serum. It is used to detect an acute infection with the pathogen.

Source: Mumps IgM- Immunoglobulin M

Mycobacterium other than Tuberculosis Sensitivity

Test used to obtain an accurate minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to ensure the correct dosage of an antimicrobial or antibiotic to be used for the treatment and to limit resistance. Refers to Inoculation of suspension of isolated bacteria with a density of 0.5 MacFarland standard using sensititre plate containing antibiotics in appropriate dilutions and incubated in recommended temperature and time. The susceptible and resistant breakpoints used were those recommended by the CLSI guidelines

Source: 1. Trek Diagnostic Systems ThermoScientific Sensititre Broth Microdilution (MIC) method Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria (RGM), Slowly Growing Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria, Nocardia and Other Aerobic actinomycetes www.trekds.com/techinfo.
2. Susceptibility Testing of mycobacteria, Nocardiae, and Other Aerobic Actinomycetes; CLSI M24

Mycobacterium Other Than Tuberculosis Specification

Test for rapid and accurate identification of most strains of mycobacteria isolated from solid growth media. This procedure allows identification of organisms on the basis of unique spectral fingerprints produced by extracted proteins using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight charged particles accelerated by a laser.

Source: CLSI M48-A: Laboratory Detection & Identification of Mycobacteria
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, May 2011, p. 1790–1794

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

This test simultaneously detect both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance, a surrogate marker for MDR strains.

Source: Product insert

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Second Line Drug

This test refers to drug susceptibility testing for second line drug for tuberculosis. It provides improve treatment outcomes and management for patients with resistance to primary TB drug. This test is culture-based susceptibility test that uses MGIT media with the aid of BACTEC MGIT 960 system.

Source: CLSI M48-A: Laboratory Detection and Identification of Mycobacteria
BACTEC™ MGIT 960™ TB System Manual

Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM

M. pneumoniae is one of the primary causes of community-acquired pneumonia. IgM antibodies usually appear seven to ten days after onset of the infection.

Source: Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM Package Insert

Neonatal Panel 1

This package includes the following tests: Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Carbon Dioxide, BUN, Creatinine.

Source: Package Inserts

Neonatal Panel 2

This package includes the following tests: Alkaline Phosphatase, Direct Bilirubin, Total Protein, Albumin, Calcium, Phosphorus.

Source: Package Inserts

NSE (Neuron Specific Enolase)

NSE is a cell‑specific isoenzyme of the glycolytic enzyme enolase. NSE is seen as a valuable tumor marker in monitoring of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), in particular in combination with Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP), and in a wide variety of other tumor diseases.

Source: NSE package insert

NT - Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide

This assay is an in vitro quantitative determination of NT-proBNP in venous blood to aid in the diagnosis of patients with suspected heart failure, in the monitoring of patients with compensated left ventricular dysfunction and in the risk of stratification of patients with acute coronary syndromes.

Source: Package insert

Occult Blood

The detection of fecal occult blood in stool is important for the diagnosis of diseases that result in gastrointestinal bleeding and to screen for colorectal cancers and large adenomas that bleed. Screening for colorectal cancer likely increases cancer detection at early stage, thereby reducing mortality.

Source: Occult Blood Package Insert

Oral Glucose Challenge Test : 50 grams load

The Oral Glucose Challenge test is used in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes, and other carbohydrate metabolism disorders.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Oral Glucose Tolerance test: 100 grams (3 samples needed)

This test is used to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes. An oral glucose tolerance test is a series of blood glucose measurements taken after intake of a specific amount of glucose load. This test is commonly used to diagnose diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.

Source: Clinical Chemistry Review Handbook by Maria Teresa Rodriguez

Oral Glucose Tolerance test: 100 grams (4 samples needed.)

This test is used to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes. An oral glucose tolerance test is a series of blood glucose measurements taken after intake of a specific amount of glucose load. This test is commonly used to diagnose diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.

Source: Clinical Chemistry Review Handbook by Maria Teresa Rodriguez

Oral Glucose Tolerance test: 75 grams (2 samples needed)

This test is used to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes. An oral glucose tolerance test is a series of blood glucose measurements taken after intake of a specific amount of glucose load. This test is commonly used to diagnose diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.

Source: Clinical Chemistry Review Handbook by Maria Teresa Rodriguez

Oral Glucose Tolerance test: 75 grams (3 samples needed)

This test is used to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes. An oral glucose tolerance test is a series of blood glucose measurements taken after intake of a specific amount of glucose load. This test is commonly used to diagnose diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.

Source: Clinical Chemistry Review Handbook by Maria Teresa Rodriguez

Oral Glucose Tolerance test: 75 grams (4 samples needed)

This test is used to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes. An oral glucose tolerance test is a series of blood glucose measurements taken after intake of a specific amount of glucose load. This test is commonly used to diagnose diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.

Source: Clinical Chemistry Review Handbook by Maria Teresa Rodriguez

Osmolality (Blood)

The serum osmolality is a measure of the different solutes in plasma. Among other applications, serum osmolality is indicated to evaluate the etiology of hyponatremia and may be used to screen for alcohol intoxication by means of the osmolal gap.

Source: emedicine.medscape.com

Osmolality (Urine)

Urine osmolality is used to measure the number of dissolved particles per unit of water in the urine. Urine osmolality is useful in diagnosing disorders of urinary concentration such diabetes insipidous and in assessing hydration status.

Source: emedicine.medscape.com

Osmotic Fragility

Spherocytes of any origin (including conditions other than hereditary spherocytosis) are more susceptible than normal RBCs to hemolysis in dilute(hypotonic) saline and show increased osmotic fragility. This test measures the ability of the red blood cell to swell, a property that reflects the cellular surface-to-volume ratio.

Source: RODAK’s Hematology Clinical Principles and Applications 5th Edition

Osteocalcin

Osteocalcin is used in monitoring and assessing effectiveness of antiresorptive therapy in patients treated for osteopenia, osteoporosis, Paget's disease, or other disorders in which osteocalcin levels are elevated.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Partial Thromboplastin Time Mixing

Partial Thromboplastin Time mixing study is done to detect the cause of a prolonged PTT screening test. It is used to distinguish factor deficiencies from factor inhibitors, such as lupus anticoagulant, heparin, direct thrombin inhibitor or specific factor inhibitors.

Source: Rodak’s Hematology Clinical Principles and Applications Fifth Edition

Partial Thromboplastin Time

The PTT test is performed to monitor the effects of unfractionated heparin therapy and to detect LA and specific anticoagulation factor antibodies such as anti-factor VIII antibody. The PTT is also prolonged in all congenital and acquired procoagulant deficiencies, except for deficiencies of factor VII and XIII.

Source: Partial Thromboplastin Time Package Insert

Perinuclear Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody

P-ANCA are important serological markers for diagnosis and differentiation of autoimmune vasculitides, especially microscopic polyangiitis, which is typified by autoantibodies against myeloperoxidase (MPO).

Source: IIFT Granulocyte (EOH) Package Insert

Peripheral Smear

The peripheral film evaluation is the capstone of a panel of tests called the complete blood count (CBC) or hemogram. Microscopic blood film review is essential whenever instrument analysis indicates that specimen abnormalities exist. The laboratory professional evaluates the platelet and WBC count and differential, along with WBC, RBC, and platelet morphology.

Source: Rodak, B. F., Fritsma, G. A., & Keohane, E. M. (2016). Hematology: Clinical principles and applications. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Saunders.

pH - Stool

A fecal pH test is one where a specimen of feces is tested for acidity in order to diagnose a medical condition. An acidic stool can indicate a digestive problem such as lactose intolerance or a contagion such as E. coli or rotavirus, or overgrowth of the acid producing bacteria (such as lactic acid bacteria for instance). Stool with a high pH may mean inflammation in the intestine (colitis), cancer, or antibiotic use. 

Source: B., & Ben, V. A. P. B. (2019, February 10). What is Stool PH? High and low values | Lab results explained. Retrieved from https://blog.healthmatters.io/2019/02/09/what-is-stool-ph-high-and-low-values-lab-results-explained

pH Urine with Mineral Oil

A urine pH level measurement analyzes the acidity or alkalinity of a urine sample. Urine collection with mineral oil is observed for accurate measurement of pH.

Source: healthline.com

Phenobarbital

Phenobarbital is used for the treatment of epilepsy, particularly for controlling focal motor or sensory seizures and grand mal seizures. Monitoring serum concentrations of phenobarbital has been shown to improve patient therapy by providing physicians with a tool for adjusting dosage.

Source: iPhenobarbital assay package insert

Phenotypic Carbapenemase Screening

Carbapenem resistance is one of the most concerning forms of antimicrobial resistance, particularly when encountered in the Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. This test detects carbapenemase activity in bacterial isolates recovered in culture.

Source: www.clsi.org

Phenytoin

Phenytoin is one of the most widely prescribed anticonvulsants and is occasionally used as a myocardial antiarrhythmic. The measurements obtained are used in monitoring levels of phenytoin to help ensure therapy.

Source: Phenytoin assay package insert

Phosphorus

The majority of the body phosphorus is present in the bones. Phosphorus serum levels is used in the diagnosis and management of bone, thyroid, and renal diseases.

Source: Phosphorus assay package insert

PIVKA II

PIVKA-II is abnormal des-carboxylated prothrombin present in vitamin K deficiency or in patients treated with warfarin or phenprocoumon. This assay is indicated for use as an aid for dianosis of hepato-cellular carcinoma (HCC), monitoring high risk patients for development of HCC, and in management of HCC.

Source: PIVKA-II assay package insert

Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA

This test is used in the detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii in respiratory samples or lung section sample from human; is a yeast-like fungus of the genus Pneumocystis. It is an important human pathogen among immunocompromised hosts.

Source: Product insert

Potassium

Potassium is the major intracellular cation. Potassium serum levels is used in the evaluation of electrolyte abnormalities, muscle fatigue, heart arrhythmia, hepatic coma, and renal failure.

Source: ICT assay package insert

Potassium

Potassium is a mineral that your body needs to work properly. It is a type of electrolyte. It helps your nerves to function and muscles to contract. It helps your heartbeat stay regular. It also helps move nutrients into cells and waste products out of cells. 

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Potassium - Other body fluids

Measurement of Potassium body fluid should be interpreted in the context of source and in correlation with serum results and/or other clinical evidence.

Source: aruplab.com/bodyfluids

Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein-A

PAPP-A is the largest of the pregnancy associated proteins produced by both the embryo and the placenta during pregnancy. Maternal serum concentrations is used on the diagnosis of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as intrauterine growth restriction, premature birth, preeclampsia, and stillbirth.

Source: embryology.med.unsw.edu.au

Pregnancy test

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by th developing placenta shortly after fertilization. This test is an in-vitro, qualitative determination of hCG in urine or serum.

Source: package insert

Pregnancy Test

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the developing placenta shortly after fertilization. The appearance and rapid rise in concentration of hCG in urine soon after conception make it an excellent marker for confirmation of pregnancy. This test kit uses specific antibodies to selectively identify hCG in urine or serum with a high degree of sensitivity.

Source: Pregnancy Test Package Insert

Presepsin

Presepsin is a reliable, specific and sensitive biomarker for sepsis and a valuable tool for the very early diagnosis of sepsis by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria or fungi. Presepsin rises earlier than other biomarker and does not show unspecific increases.

Source: www.pathfast.eu

Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide

The PROBNP assay aids in the diagnosis of individuals suspected of having congestive heart failure and detection of mild forms of cardiac dysfunction. It is also used in the assessment of heart failure severity in patients diagnosed with congestive heart failure.

Source: proBNP II package insert

Procalcitonin

The Procalcitonin assay is used in the diagnosis and monitoring of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults and children including neonates.

Source: PCT assay package insert

Progesterone

Serum progesterone is a reliable indicator of either natural or induced ovulation because of its rapid rise following ovulation. The major functions of progesterone are in the preparation of the uterus for implantation and maintenance of pregnancy.

Source: Progesterone assay package insert

Prolactin

The major physiologic action of prolactin is the initiation and maintenance of lactation in women. Measurement of elevated serum prolactin levels may provide the first quantitative evidence of pituitary dysfunction.

Source: Prolactin assay package insert

Protein C

Protein C is a vitamin-K dependent coagulation inhibitor which regulates the activity of Factor V and factor VIII. Disease caused by Protein C deficiency may be congenital or acquired.

Source: Protein C Package Insert

Protein S

Protein S (S-Protein) is a vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein that is found in two forms in plasma. A Protein S deficiency may be acquired or inherited and is associated with an increased risk for recurrent venous thrombosis.

Source: Protein S Package Insert

Prothrombin Time

The prothrombin time (PT) is a useful screening procedure for the extrinsic coagulation mechanism including the common pathway (detects deficiencies in factors II, V, VII, and X). The PT is frequently used to follow the course of oral anticoagulant therapy.

Source: Prothrombin Time Package Insert

Prothrombin Time Mixing Studies

Prothrombin Time Mixing study is done to detect the cause of a prolonged PT screening test. It is used to distinguish factor deficiencies from factor inhibitors.

Source: Rodak’s Hematology Clinical Principles and Applications Fifth Edition

Random Blood Sugar

Random Blood Sugar testing measures the levels of glucose in the blood at any given point in the day.

Source: Glucose assay package insert

Random Urine Amylase

Amylase is produced in the pancreas and parotid glands, normal individual have low but measurable urine amylase. Elevated result may aid in the diagnosis of pancreatitis and other pancreatic disorders.

Source: Amylase assay package insert

Random Urine Calcium

"Urinary calcium reflects dietary intake and rate of calcium absorption. It is used to evaluate endocrine function, calcium metabolism and excretion, and acid–base balance. "

Source: Brunner and Suddarth's Handbook of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests

Random Urine Chloride

Measurement of urine chloride is used to reevaluate renal conservation of electrolytes and confirm serum values. Its purpose is to help evaluate fluid and electrolyte imbalance, and renal and adrenal disorders.

Source: Brunner and Suddarth's Handbook of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests

Random Urine Creatinine

Creatinine is eliminated from blood by glomerular filtration. Urine creatinine analysis is used to calculate creatinine clearance, or serve as a reference quantity for other analytes, such as in calculation of the albumin/creatinine ratio.

Source: Creatinine assay package insert

Random Urine Magnesium

Renal urine magnesium testing is used in assessing the cause of abnormal serum magnesium concentration. It is also aids in determining whether nutritional magnesium. It may also help on assessing risk to kidney stones.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Random Urine Phosphorus

The phosphorous urine test is useful in evaluation increased and decreased levels of phosphatemic states. It also used in the monitoring of patient with nephrolithiasis.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Random Urine Sodium

The kidney is central to the regulation and conservation of electrolytes in the body. Urinary sodium (Na+) excretion varies with dietary intake, and there is a large diurnal variation with the rate of Na+ excretion during the night being only 20% of the peak rate during the day. Urine sodium testing is used on the evaluation of acid-base abnormalities, water balance, water intoxication, and dehydration.

Source: Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Techniques, and Correlations by Bishop, Fody, and Schoeff

Random Urine Total Protein

The urine protein assay is used in the evaluation of renal disease. It is also used as a screening test for monoclonal gammopathy and postural proteinuria.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Random Urine Urea Nitrogen

The urea nitrogen urine test measures the amount of urea nitrogen in a sample of urine. Measurements obtained by this test are used in the diagnosis of renal and metabolic disease.

Source: Urea assay package insert

Rapid Plasma Reagin Qualitative

It is a card test for nontreponemal testing procedure for the serologic qualitative detection of syphilis. It detects an antibody-like substance present in serum or plasma from syphilitic persons, and occasionally in serum of persons with other acute or chronic conditions.

Source: Rapid Plasma Reagin Test Package Insert

Rapid Plasma Reagin Quantitative

It is a card test for nontreponemal testing procedure for the serologic quantitative detection of syphilis. It detects an antibody-like substance present in serum or plasma from syphilitic persons, and occasionally in serum of persons with other acute or chronic conditions.

Source: Rapid Plasma Reagin Test Package Insert

RBC Morphology

The normal urine sediment may contain a variety of formed elements. In the urine, the presence of an abnormal number of red blood cells is known as haematuria. The presence of increased number of RBCS in the urine may indicate a variety of urinary tract and systemic conditions.

Source: Strasinger, SK, Di Lorenzo, MS, Urinalysis and Body Fluids, 5th Ed.,2008

Respiratory Panel

Tests for 22 pathogens (18 viruses and 4 bacteria) responsible for respiratory tract infections.

Source: https://www.biomerieux.com/en/filmarrayr-respiratory-panel-2-plus-rp2plus-gets-ce-marked

Reticulocyte Count

The reticulocyte is the last immature red blood cell stage. The reticulocyte count is used to assess the erythropoietic activity of the bone marrow.

Source: Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods 21st Edition Clinical Laboratory Medicine 2nd Edition

Rheumatoid Factor

Rheumatoid factor assay is used in the diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis.

Source: RF assay package insert

Rotavirus Antigen

Rotavirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis especially in children ages 6 to 24 months. Rotavirus infections can produce severe illness as well as asymptomatic infection in adults.

Source: Rotavirus Antigen Package Insert

Rubella IgG

The rubella virus, also known as German measles, produces a characteristic erythematous, macopapular rash, which appear on the face, then spreads to the trunk and extremities and usually resolves in 3 to 5 days. IgG antibodies provide immunity and persist for life. Primary rubella infection is indicated by the presence of rubella-specific IgM antibodies or by a fourfold rise in rubella-specific IgG antibody titers between acute and convalescent-phase samples.

Source: Clinical Immunology and Serology by Christine Dorresteyn Stevens

Rubella IgM

The rubella virus, also known as German measles, produces a characteristic erythematous, macopapular rash, which appear on the face, then spreads to the trunk and extremities and usually resolves in 3 to 5 days. Primary rubella infection is indicated by the presence of rubella-specific IgM antibodies or by a fourfold rise in rubella-specific IgG antibody titers between acute and convalescent-phase samples.

Source: Clinical Immunology and Serology by Christine Dorresteyn Stevens

Rubeola IgG

Anti-Measles Virus IgG is an ELISA-based test system for the quantitative measurement of IgG class antibodies against measles viruses in human serum. Measles IgG antibody after infection or after successful vaccination is sustained for life, and detection of IgG-antibodies is used to demonstrate immunity.

Source: Rubeola IgG Package Insert

Rubeola IgM

The Anti-Measles Virus IgM is an ELISA test that detects acute or recently acquired measles virus infections. IgM antibodies against the measles virus can be detected about two weeks after primary infection for a period of four to six weeks.

Source: Rubeola IgM Package Insert

Salmonella typhi IgG and IgM

Salmonella typhi IgG/IgM Fast test is a solid phase immunochromatographic assay for the rapid, qualitative and differential detection of IgG and IgM antibodies to Salmonella typhi in human serum.

Source: Salmonella typhi IgG and IgM Package Insert

Scotch Tape Swab

Enterobius vermicularis also known as pinworm or threadworm or seatworm is a white roundworm parasite that has worldwide distribution. School aged and pre-school aged children are most commonly affected. 

Source: University of the Philippines, College of Public Health. A Study Guide in Medical Parasitology. 

Semen Analysis (Sperm Count)

Semen analysis is used both in the evaluation of male fertility and the follow-up of treatment regimens for male subfertility. Basic semen analysis measures the number of spermatozoa (per unit volume and per ejaculate), motility and morphology.  

Source: Urinalysis and Body Fluids 5th Edition by Susan King Strasinger & Marjorie Schaub Di Lorenzo

Sensitivity of Filamentous Fungi

This is a laboratory test to ensure and determine the best treatment for a specific fungus. It uses sensititre that is a colorimetric microdilution method for in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing based on the M27-A document (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) for yeasts. The Sensititre System is the only system that utilizes true MIC results, crucial in the fight against antimicrobial resistance. YeastOne™ plates Colorimetric alamarBlue™ agent provides reliable and consistent endpoint determination, with visual read option for yeast and filamentous fungi.

Source: Thermo Scientific Sensititre Susceptibility and Identification System

Sensitivity to Colistin C/T Ceftazidime- Avibactam

The test generates true MIC results based on the actual growth of the organism. Multidrug-resistant organisms and Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are common isolates tested for its sensitivity to Colistin, Ceftazidime-Avibactam, and Ceftolozane-Tazobactam as last resort treatment for Gram negative infections.

Source: Trek Diagnostic Systems MIC susceptibility plates for testing non-fastidious Gram negative isolates
Link1: http://www.trekds.com/techinfo/ Link2 : https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/GN2F#/GN2F

Serum Protein Electrophoresis

This test aids to detect and quantify monoclonal components for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with monoclonal gammopathies. It also demonstrates better separation and identification of some monoclonal bands migrating in this zone.

Source: Serum Protein Electrophoresis Package Insert

Sickle Cell Thalassemia

The Sickle cell test is done to determine if an individual has the sickle cell disease. However, the test does not distinguish sickle cell anemia from sickle cell trait or other Hemoglobin S syndromes because all red blood cells sickle, but the greater amount of Hemoglobin S is equal to the rapidness and severity of the “sickling”.

Source: McPherson, R. A., & Pincus, M. R. (2017). Henrys clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods (21st ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

Sirolimus

Sirolimus is an antifungal agent with immunosuppressive activity. It is U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved for patients receiving kidney transplants. Sirolimus is extremely potent and requires therapeutic drug monitoring due to its toxicity.

Source: Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Techniques, and Correlations by Bishop, Fody, and Schoeff

Sodium

Sodium is the major cation extracellular fluid. It used on the evaluation of acid-base abnormalities, water balance, water intoxication, and dehydration.

Source: ICT assay package insert

Sodium

Sodium is the major cation extracellular fluid. It used on the evaluation of acid-base abnormalities, water balance, water intoxication, and dehydration.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Sodium - Other body fluids

Measurment of Sodium body fluid should be interpreted in the context of source and in correlation with serum results and/or other clinical evidence.

Source: aruplab.com/bodyfluids

Specific Gravity

Urinary specific gravity (SG) is a measure of the concentration of solutes in the urine. It measures the ratio of urine density compared with water density and provides information on the kidney’s ability to concentrate urine.

Source: Urinalysis and Body fluids by Susan King Strasinger, Marjorie Schaub Di Lorenzo, 5th Edition

Stool Routine

Examination of feces provides important information that aids in the differential diagnosis of various gastrointestinal tract disorders, which range from maldigestion and malabsorption to bleeding or infestation by bacteria, viruses or parasites. 

Source: Cls(Nca), M. N. B. A. (2017). Fundamentals of Urine and Body Fluid Analysis (4th ed.). Saunders.

Tacrolimus

Tacrolimus is an orally administered immunosuppressive drug that is 100 times more potent than cyclosporine. The assay measure the whole blood tacrolimus concentration during therapy for monitoring.

Source: Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Techniques, and Correlations by Bishop, Fody, and Schoeff

Testosterone

Testosterone is the principal androgen hormone in the blood and has growth-promoting effects on various target tissues. The assay is used as an assessment of androgen status in cases with suspected or known sex hormone-binding globulin-binding abnormalities.

Source: Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Techniques, and Correlations by Bishop, Fody, and Schoeff; mayocliniclabs.com

Theophylline

Theophylline is a naturally occurring compund with bronchodilator effects that is used in the treatment of asthma.

Source:

Thyroglobulin

The Thyroglobulin assay is used for patients with differentiated thyroid cancers after thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine ablation. Elevated TG levels are seen in Graves’ disease, thyroiditis, and nodular goiter.

Source: Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods by McPherson and Pincus; mayocliniclabs.com

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

This assay is for the quantitative determination of human thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and is used as an aid in the assessment of thyroid status, diagnosis of thyroid disease, and treatment of thyroid disease.

Source: TSH assay package insert

TORCH

The TORCH panel is used in the screening of vertically transmitted infections from a pregnant women to a fetus during pregnancy. This package includes the following tests: Toxoplasma IgG, Rubella IgG, CMV IgG, and Herpes Simplex II IgG.

Source: healthline.com

Total Beta Human Chronic Gonadotropin

Human chorionis gonadotropin (hCG) is initially secreted by trophoblastic cells of the placenta shortly after implantation of the fertilized ovum into the uterine wall. The rapid rise in hCG serum level after conception makes it an excellent marker for early confirmation and monitoring of pregnancy.

Source: Beta hCG assay package insert

Total Bilirubin

Red blood cells at the end of their circulating lives are broken down in the reticuloendothelial system, mainly in the spleen, and the resulting heme is converted to bilirubin upon removal of iron. Total bilirubin is the sum of direct and indirect fractions of bilirubin. Total bilirubin is elevated in hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemolytic disorders, several inherited enzyme deficiencies, and conditions causing hepatic obstruction.

Source: Total Bilirubin assay package insert

Total Cholesterol

Measurement of serum cholesterol levels can be serve as an indicator of liver function and biliary function, intestinal absorption, propensity toward coronary artery disease, and thyroid function. It aids in the classification of hyperlipoproteinemias and evaluation of cardiovascular risk.

Source: Linne & Ringsrud's Clinical Laboratory Science 6th Edition

Total Hepatitis B Core Antibody

Anti-HBc determinations can be used as an indicator of current or past HBV infection. Anti-HBc is found shortly after the appearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in acute HBV infections.

Source: Package insert

Total IgE

Measurements of IgE are useful to carry out on a routine basis for diagnosis, postoperative monitoring and assessment of treatment of atopy-associated diseases as well as of the infectious diseases caused by parasites and of the IgE-myeloma.

Source: Total IgE assay package insert

Total Iron Binding Capacity

Iron status is used in the diagnosis and management of some hematologic and hepatic conditions. In addition to serum iron levels, several tests may be ordered including UIBC, total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and ferritin. TIBC is a surrogate for transferrin and has a direct relationship to it.

Source: Package insert

Total Prostatic Specific Antigen

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) functionally regulates seminal fluid viscosity and is instrumental in dissolving the cervical mucus cap, allowing sperm to enter. Total PSA serves as an excellent cancer marker in prostate cancer screening, diagnosis, prediction of cancer risk, and recurrence.

Source: Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Techniques, and Correlations by Bishop, Fody, and Schoeff ; Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods by McPherson and Pincus

Total Protein

The total protein test is a rough measure of all the proteins in the serum. Total protein measurements can reflect nutritional status, kidney disease, and liver disease.

Source: Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Techniques, and Correlations by Bishop, Fody, and Schoeff

Total Protein, Albumin/Globulin Ratio

The A/G ratio has commonly been used as an index of the distribution between the albumin and globulin fractions. This ratio can be significantly altered in such conditions as cirrhosis of the liver, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, acute hepatitis, lupus erythematosus, and in some acute and chronic infections.

Source: Total Protein assay package insert

Total Protein - Other body fluids

The Total Protein-OBF assay is used for the quantification of total protein in body fluid specimens. It aids in the identification of exudative pleural effusions and differentiation of hepatic from other causes of ascites.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Total Thyroxine

After release from its thyroid follicles, thyroxine will bind to various proteins in the blood (thyroid-binding globulin, albumin, thyretin). Thyroxine can be measured by immunoassay after the hormone is separated from the carrier protein. Thyroxine measurements are often used along with TSH and can be important in interpreting TSH results.

Source: Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods by McPherson and Pincus

Total Triiodothyronine

Triiodothyronine (T3) plays an important role in the maintenance of euthyroid state. Serum T3 measurements can be valuable component of thyroid screening panel in diagnosis certain disorders of thyroid function as well as conditions caused by iodine deficiency.

Source: Total T3 IgG assay package insert

Toxoplasma IgG

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that infects most species of warm-blooded animals, including humans. The presence of IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii indicates that infection has occurred but does not distinguish between recent and past infection.

Source: Toxo IgG Reagent Assay Insert

Toxoplasma IgM

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that infects most species of warm-blooded animals, including humans. IgM antibodies are detected in individuals with a recently acquired infection, but antibodies may persist up to 18 months post-infection.

Source: Toxo IgM Reagent Assay Insert

Treponema Pallidum Agglutination Assay Qualitative

The Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay (also called TPPA test) is an indirect agglutination assay used for detection and titration of antibodies against the causative agent of syphilis, Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. Syphilis infection is systemic, and is characterized by periods of latency.

Source: Treponema Pallidum Agglutination Assay Package Insert

Treponema Pallidum Agglutination Assay Quantitative

The Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay (also called TPPA test) is an indirect agglutination assay used for detection and titration of antibodies against the causative agent of syphilis, Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. Syphilis infection is systemic, and is characterized by periods of latency.

Source: Treponema Pallidum Agglutination Assay Package Insert

Triglycerides

Triglycerides are a family of lipids absorbed from the diet and produced endogenously from carbohydrates and fatty acids. Measurement of triglyceride is important in the diagnosis and manage of hyperlipidemia. These diseases can be genetic or secondary to other disorders including nephrosis, diabetes mellitus, and endocrine disturbances.

Source: Triglycerides assay package insert

Triglycerides - other body fluid

The Triglyceride-OBF assay is used for the quantification of total protein in body fluid specimens. It aids in the differentiation between chylous and nonchylous effusions.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Troponin T

This assay is a quantitative test for specific detection of cardiac Troponin T in venous blood to aid in the diagnosis of patients with suspected myocardial cell damage such as acute coronary syndromes and inflammation and damage to the myocardium.

Source: Package insert

Troponin T-HS

Troponin T (TnT) is a component of the contractile apparatus of the striated musculature T, originating exclusively from the myocardium . This assay can be used as an aid in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome and is a highly sensitive marker for myocardial damage.

Source: Troponin T hs package insert

Tuberculosis Culture Sensitivity

This test is used in the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of Tuberculosis infection. Processed specimens from nonsterile sites and cenrifuged specimens from sterile sites can be cultured directly onto selective and nonselective media.

Source: Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg's. Medical Microbiology, 27th Edition.

Tuberculosis Quantiferon

QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT) is a simple blood test that aids in the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria which causes tuberculosis (TB). QFT is an interferon-gamma release assay, commonly known as an IGRA, and is a modern alternative to the tuberculin skin test (TST, PPD or Mantoux).

Source: TB Quantiferon Package Insert

Urea Nitrogen - Other body Fluids

The Urea Nitrogen-OBF test aids in the identification of the prescence of urine that causes fluid accumulation in a body compartment. It also assesses the adequacy of peritoneal dialysis treatment protocols.

Source: mayocliniclabs.com

Uric Acid

Uric acid is a metabolite of purines, nucleic acids, and nucleoproteins. Abnormal levels may be indicative of a disorder in the metabolism of these substances such as gout, renal failure, psoriasis, starvation and other wasting conditions.

Source: Uric Acid assay package insert.

Uric Acid Crystal

This test involves the examination of Synovial fluid for uric acid crystals or monosodium urates (MSU), that can aid in the clinical diagnosis of gout.

Source: Clinical Diagnosis and Management by John Bernard Henry, M.D. Judkins, S. and Cornbleet, P. (1997). Synovial Fluid Crystal Analysis. Laboratory Medicine, [online] 28(12), pp.774-779.

Uric Acid - Other body fluid

The Uric Acid-OBF assay is used for the quantification of uric acid in body fluid specimens. Levels of uric acid collected in joint fluid is used for the diagnosis of gout.

Source: Uric Acid assay package insert

Uric Acid (UA) - Urine

This test is used to differentiate acute uric acid nephropathy from other causes of acute kidney failure.

Source: mauocliniclabs.com

Urinalysis

Routine urinalysis consists of macroscopic, chemical and microscopic analysis. The careful examination of urine enables the detection of disease processes intrinsic to the urinary system, both functional (physiologic) and structural (anatomic) and sometimes unsuspected.

Source: Strasinger, SK, Di Lorenzo, MS, Urinalysis and Body Fluids, 5th Ed.,2008

Urinary L-FABP

L-FABP is a kind of “fatty acid binding proteins” located in the cytoplasm of human renal proximal tubular cells; a highly sensitive renal biomarker. This assay is useful for early diagnosis of renal disease accompanying tubular dysfunction.

Source: L-FABP POC Kit package insert

Urine Protein Electrophoresis

Urine Protein Electrophoresis

Source: Urine Protein Electrophoresis Package Insert

Valproic Acid

This assay is for the quantitative measurement of valproic acid, an anticonvulsant drug, for the treatment of absence, tonic-clonic, myoclonic, grand mal and petit mal seizures.

Source: iValproic Acid assay package insert.

Vancomycin

Vancomycin hydrochloride is a tricyclic glycopeptide commonly used in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusinfections. This assay is used in the diagnosis and treatment of vancomycin overdose and in monitoring levels of vancomycin to help ensure appropriate therapy.

Source: iVancomycin assay package insert

Vanillylmandelic Acid

Vanilmandelic acid is the main end product of catecholamines metabolism and is excreted in urine. Its measurement reflects the total production of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the body. It aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of neuroblastoma.

Source: Package insert

Varicella IgG

The varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes chicken pox and shingles (herpes zoster). IgG determination is used for documentation of immune status and to confirm successful immunization.

Source: Varicella IgG Package Insert

Varicella IgM

The varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes chicken pox and shingles (herpes zoster). IgM antibodies are typical of the acute phase of infection. They are absent or very scarce upon reactivation of the virus (herpes zoster).

Source: Varicella IgM Package Insert

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is a member of the corrin family, is a cofactor for conversion of methylmalonyl Coenzyme-A (CoA) to succinoyl CoA, cofactor in synthesis of methionine, implicated in formation of myelin, and is required for DNA synthesis. This assay is for the quantitative determination of vitamin B12 in human serum and plasma to assess conditions associated with low or elevated levels.

Source: B12 assay package insert

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid prohormone that plays a major role in the calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. This assay is used as an aid in the assessment of vitamin D sufficiency.

Source: 25-OH Vitamin D assay package insert.

Water Culture

This laboratory test uses culture for water to determine if any coliforms or E.coli are present. The test is done through a series of suitable selective broth tubes being inoculated with test portions of a water sample. Biochemical identification is performed as needed. Its result will either support the sterility or contamination of the water being tested.

Source: World Health Organization: Guidelines for drinking-water quality, Second edition, Volume 3, Surveillance and control of community supplies. Annex 5: Multiple-tube method for thermotolerant (faecal). Geneva 1997 Link: https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/small-community-management/2edvol3i.pdf?ua=1

Weil Felix

Febrile Antigen are bacterial suspension for use in either slide or tube agglutination tests to detect the presence of bacterial agglutinins associated with bacterial infection or previous exposure to a related organism.

Source: Febrile Antigen Direct Test Insert

Wet Smear

Diagnosis of vaginal vaginosis, trichomoniasis and moniliasis is made base on the presence of clue cells, trichomonas and monilia, respectively. A wet mount is prepared by mixing the sample with saline on a glass slide, after which a cover slip is added. Examination is done at a magnification of x400 for the presence of clue cells, Trichomonas vaginalis with typical movement, and budding yeast.

Source: Vendepitte, J., et. al (2003). Basic Laboratory Procedures in Clinical Bacteriology (2nd. ed.). World Health Organization.

Widal and Weil Felix Test

Febrile Antigen are bacterial suspension for use in either slide or tube agglutination tests to detect the presence of bacterial agglutinins associated with bacterial infection or previous exposure to a related organism.

Source: Febrile Antigen Direct Test Insert

Widal Only

Febrile Antigen are bacterial suspension for use in either slide or tube agglutination tests to detect the presence of bacterial agglutinins associated with bacterial infection or previous exposure to a related organism.

Source: Febrile Antigen Direct Test Insert